Tuesday, May 14, 2013

Gerald's Adventure, Part Five


The Continuing Adventure of Gerald the Skeleton on Nikumaroro, 2010
 
After my encounter with the crabs, I stayed around the ship for awhile, resting in my corner and contemplating what it means to be a plastic skeleton in a world of flesh and blood. 
Me, contemplating my identity in Nai'a's salon
Thanks to Leonid Sagalovski for catching me unawares
 
When I was first manufactured, the scientific supply company called me X17Z23856HS, but when I went to live with Grandpa Tom, he started calling me Gerald and the name stuck.  Over time, I learned that he had named me after Gerald Gallagher, a young British colonial officer who had been in charge of the colony established on Nikumaroro in 1939.  Listening to Grandpa Tom and the other TIGHARs, I learned that this Gerald had died on the island in 1941, and was buried there.

So after a few days sitting around with the laundry, which Suliana and Richie piled in my corner of the salon to be sorted and claimed by the TIGHARs, I decided to visit the ruins of the colonial village and see if I could find my namesake’s grave.

“I can’t help you much,” Frederick said when I told him what I had in mind.  “Like that sharklet said, humans stay on land, or ought to, and I suppose that’s where the village is.  We turtles only go ashore to lay our eggs, and about the farthest we go inland is the edge of the beach.  Crabs go all over, though, so one of them might guide you.”

“I think I’ll give that a miss.”

“Suit yourself.  I can take you to the landing channel, where the TIGHARs go every day; I think that’s close to the old village.”

A few minutes later, we were paddling up a long channel through the reef flat, and then clambering up the beach.

“There used to be a big tall stone thing here that the old people built; it was all white – very interesting.”

“I guess it was to guide their boats in.”

“Maybe; impossible to say what makes people do what they do.”

Thanking Frederick for the ride, I walked up the beach and into the woods.  It was dark, but since I don’t have eyes anyhow, that didn’t matter.  The woods were full of sound – palm fronds scraping against each other in the wind, the occasional “thump” of a coconut falling to the ground, and the constant scurrying sound of crabs. 
The Village
 
Not far inland I came on the remains of an old wooden building with a tin roof, collapsed on the ground.  I was puzzling over what it might be when I heard a squeaky voice from somewhere near my feet.

“It was the Gardner Cooperative Store.  Gardner is what the humans called this place before the wise ones taught them that it was Nikumaroro.”

I carefully backed up a pace or two, scanning the ground.  No crabs. No birds, no eggs.  But…

“Right here, Mister Bones.  By your left calcaneus.”

There, by my left heel (How did he know its scientific name?) was a little ball of fur.

“Oh!  A mouse!”

“NOT a mouse, if you please; I’m a Polynesian RAT -- Rattus exulans, and I exult in that fact every day.”

“Oh, I beg your pardon.”

“Apology accepted, but please don’t let it happen again.  There are no ‘mice’ on Nikumaroro.”

“Oh.  Well,…..”

“My colleagues and I are the only mammals here, not counting the occasional transient Homo-supposedly-sapiens.”  Our ancestors were great voyagers who came here by canoe long ago.

“Your colleagues…?”

“We are approximately eight-hundred-ninety-seven in number, we R. exulens – give or take the passing elderly and the newborn, and those who fall victim to the cold-blooded killers.”

“The…”

“Crabs, yes.  Especially the beastly Birgus latro.  But enough of that.  What brings you to the sad, flattened remains of the Gardner Cooperative Store, established 1940 but not on this site?”

“Uh – I’m looking for the grave of Gerald Gallagher, but how do you know so much….”

“Sorry, we haven’t been introduced.   I doubt if you could pronounce my R. exulens name, so just call me Polly.  And you’re the Gerald those booby birds on the beach squawk about, eh?”

“Why, yes; word travels fast.  But…..”

“How do I know so much?  We Nikumaroro rats are university educated; Nikumaroro University is just along the trail over there toward the lagoon.  It’s where the young humans used to go to school, and when they left – back in 1963 – they left all the schoolbooks.  All rotted away now, more’s the pity, but we – our ancestors, that is – had time to – er – consume their contents, and we’ve passed down the knowledge from generation to generation.  We hold classes regularly to share and update our knowledge.”

“Well, that’s truly remarkable, and I’m very glad to make your acquaintance.  Do you know Ismael?”

“Can’t say that I do.  Is he one of your TIGHAR friends?”

So rats don’t see ghosts either, I thought.  “No, no, just someone I met.  Anyhow, can you….”

“…show you the way to the H. sapiens Gallagher’s grave?  Certainly; I can show you ALL the sights of the village of Karaka – named after him, you know, but sometimes called Ritiati after the former High Commissioner…  well, are you coming?”
 
Polly leads the way to the village

Polly scurried off to the north, and I tried to follow, slipping on coconuts and stumbling through piles of fronds.  It wasn’t long before she came hustling back and hopped up on my shoulder.

“With fronds like this, who needs enemies, eh?  We enjoy word-play.  If it’s acceptable to you I’ll ride up here and guide you; otherwise you’ll lose me in the deadfall.”

“Very much obliged indeed, Polly.  It’s really pretty thick in here.”

“True.  You might want to do what the TIGHARs do – break off a palm frond and wave it in front of you as you go; it knocks down the spiderwebs.”

I followed her advice, having already gotten my head festooned in webs and several spiders in my mouth.

“The TIGHARs are quite amusing to watch,” she went on, “stumbling through the forest waving fronds in front of themselves.  They look like some sort of mad religious procession.  Now look down to your right; do you see that line of flat stones standing on their edges?”  I did.

“That’s one side of the street we’re walking up – the old Sir Harry Luke Boulevard.  Named for the High Commissioner who visited here in 1941.  Seven meters wide, lined with those coral kerb-stones, and long ago paved with crushed coral.  All grown over now, of course.”

“I’ll say.”  We were skirting a thick patch of Scaevola, and several clusters of coconut palms.
 
“Now, here,” Polly said with pride in her voice, “is one of Nikumaroro’s engineering marvels, designed by the great Jack Kimo Petro – truly a sapiens – and built by the colonists under his expert supervision.”  She pointed her nose at a dilapidated – but intact – concrete structure with a peaked roof.
 
The Cistern

“The cistern, without which the human colonists and their coconuts would have died of thirst.  The roof collects rainwater, which flows through those gutters around the sides and into the interior.  Holds 20,000 gallons, and even now it’s almost full.  Now, just keep going north….”

I stumbled on, and soon came to a low stone wall with a sort of gateway in it.

“Now we’re entering the Government Station.  This is where the colonial government – in other words Gerald Gallagher, plus the clerk, the policeman, Jack Kimo the Public Works Officer when he was here, and a few other local officials – lived and worked.  Most of the colonists lived in thatched houses over there….” Her nose twitched to the right.  “All vanished into the bush now, of course, though easily accessible by us R. exulens.  Here, go left and let me show you the dispensary.”

What Polly called the dispensary was made up of two high concrete platforms, evidently old building foundations, littered with medicine bottles.  Farther to the north there was a place where storm waves had obviously driven into the village, wiping out parts of the street and any buildings that might have stood there.

“It happens more and more often these days,” she commented.  “The sea’s getting higher for reasons that we debate but have yet to work out, and the storm surges come farther and farther inland.  Here’s where the great Jack Kimo Petro used to live….”

The great Jack Kimo’s place was relatively clear of vegetation, though it had clumps of coconut palms.  Also a big square water tank, some gear wheels, and what looked like a picture I’d seen of a cement mixer.

“Did Mister Petro make it so clean and neat?”

“Even Jack Kimo couldn’t do that.  Anyhow, he left during World War II – you know about World War II, don’t you?”

“I’ve heard of it.”  The TIGHARs actually talked about it a lot.

“Big fighting, but nothing much happened here – except there were some sailors who lived down at the far end of the island….”

“The Coast Guard.”

“Is that who they were?  Heavens; I didn’t know that.  What else can you tell me about them?”

“Not much.  They were here to operate a radio station of some kind….”

“Ah, of course; that accounts for all the electronic items the colonists collected after the sailors departed in 1946.  Very interesting…..  Anyway, where were we?  Oh yes, Jack Kimo left during the War.  The place is relatively clear of vegetation because the TIGHARs cleared it a couple of years ago.  Then dug very neat little square holes in the ground, made maps, wrote a lot of notes that we’d have loved to get our paws on, and went away.  Sadly, we don’t know what they were doing, or what they found.”

So this was the Carpenter’s house, I thought; I’d heard Gary talk about it.  He’d been in charge of the dig there.  I almost told Polly, but she was already urging me on.

“Over there to the left is the wireless station – blown over in a storm before I was born, and the TIGHARs cleared and mapped and dug around there, too.  And straight ahead…” (We were going east now) “…is the Rest House.”

What I saw was a huge pile of rotting coconuts.

“Yes, well, that’s the TIGHARs again.  When they cleaned up the wireless station they dumped the detritus on the Rest House.  I heard one of them say they’d recorded it, and the stuff would protect it from the elements.  It stirred up a lot of insects and things.”

“That must have been nice for you rats.”

“Oh, indeed; a veritable feast.  Anyway, underneath there’s a big cement platform with holes for the upright posts; it was quite a large, handsome house, all thatched, I understand.  Burned down long before I was born.”

“So this is where Gerald Gallagher lived?”

“Yes, he certainly did, and where he died; very tragic for the H. sapiens.  If you turn around and walk that way – no, a little to the right – you’ll see his grave.  It’s right in the middle of the parade ground.”

“I’ll take your word for that.”  The parade ground was grown up in coconut palms and scaevola just like the rest of the village.  But there, with a palm at one end, was the grave monument – like a tiny cement house on a coral platform. 
Gerald Gallagher's Grave
 
“You see that big log there on the ground, with the cross-piece and the big pulley?  That was the flagstaff.  He was buried at the foot of the flagstaff, where the Union Jack would fly over him every day.  It’s so romantic and tragic!”  Polly sniffed; I wondered whether rats could cry.

On the end of the monument, facing the coconut tree, there was a brass plaque; it looked pretty new.  I stood silently and read what it said:

“In affectionate memory of Gerald Bernhard Gallagher, M.A….”

“That means ‘Master of Arts; it’s an academic degree.”

“Ah, yes.  ‘Officer in Charge of the Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme’…

“That’s where we are; the Phoenix Islands.  And the Settlement Scheme was the plan to colonize the islands.  The acronym is…..”

“PISS; yes, I know.  ‘who died on Gardner Island, where he would have wished to die, on the 27th September, 1941, aged 29 years.’”

“Such a young man,” Polly sniffed.  “In the prime of life for H. sapiens.”

“’His selfless devotion to duty and unsparing work on behalf of the natives of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands’…”

“They were a British colony then, God save the Queen; now they’re independent as Kiribati and Tuvalu.”

“Ah, yes.  ‘…were an inspiration to all who knew him, and to his labours is largely due the successful colonization of the Phoenix Islands.’  But of course, the colonization wasn’t a success, was it?”

“No, sadly.  It would have been far better for us – R. exulens, that is – if we still had a human colony here, but they all went away.”

“’R.I.P.’”

“That means Rest In Peace.  And he has.  Some people came after the colonists left, who said they were charged with digging him up, but they didn't; they just took the original plaque.  One of my ancestors knew a relatively trustworthy B. latro who burrowed down to check, and he’s still there.  Probably looks a lot like you.”

I found that strangely touching, and would have shed a tear if I had tear ducts.  I read the rest of the plaque:

“’Erected by his friends and brother officers.’  And then it says it’s a reproduction, re-dedicated in 2001 by TIGHAR.  I didn’t know they’d done that.”

“Back in my great grandfather’s time.”  Why did everyone else have great grandfathers?  "They held a ceremony – laid a Union Jack on the tomb and made speeches, and their leader sang a song; Great Grandfather said he had a very nice voice.”

“Yes, he does; that’s Ric.  Well, so that’s who I’m named after…..”

“After whom you’re named, you mean to say.  Quite an honor, indeed.  And I’m honored to meet you, Gerald.”

“And I to meet you, Polly.  Thank you so much for guiding me here.  It’ll be light soon, so I’d better get back to the ship….”

“Oh yes, quite.  It’s just a short walk now to the beach where those boobies flap around and your machine friend lies buzzing.  I’m so glad to have met you, Gerald; your story will make a great addition to our archives!”
 

Monday, May 13, 2013

Gerald's Adventure, Part Four

The continuing adventure of Gerald the Skeleton on Nikumaroro, 2010.


It was a couple of days before I could get away from the ship again.  Frederick dropped me off at Club Fred, where AUV was lounging in the shade, hooked up by a wire to his solar cells, which hummed in the bright evening sunlight.  The sun was just going down.  Nearby, Honk was sitting on the egg, looking nervously from side to side.

“How’s it going, Honk?”  I asked.

“She’s moving around in there, I just know it; I can feel it, I can hear it; she’s jumping and scratching and bumping and she’s going to break out any day!”  Honk was a little excited.
Honk
 
“Well, that’s great,” I said.  And how about you, AUV?”

“Charged and ready,” AUV buzzed.  “Where do you want to go?”

“The TIGHARs have been talking about crabs…..”

“There are crabs on all parts of the island.”

“Yes, but it seems like there are lots down by the Seven Site….”

“Oh, THOSE crabs.” 

“What’s special about them?”

“Get aboard and I will show you.”

We zoomed out through the channel among the coral heads to the open lagoon, and then way down past where we’d searched for Clyde’s airplane.  Finally AUV cruised up to a sandbar.  There was a huge green pile of cut-up plants on it.

“What’s that?”  I asked.

Scaevola pile,” AUV buzzed.  “Made by the TIGHARs, cutting plants off the Seven Site.  Walk up that trail and you will find the crabs.”

“Uh… OK.”

“Or they will find you.   Good luck.”

I walked up the trail through the thick brush – the Scaevola – and pretty soon I came out on the site that Grandpa Tom and his friends were digging during the day.  Like I said in my first letter, it’s kind of a ridge, but without any houses on it.  You could fit five or six houses on the area they’d cleared, if you wanted to; it was a big place, and they’d cut down all the Scaevola on it and dragged it away.   There were strings and ropes and long strips of colorful tape all over the place, and canopies to give the TIGHARs some shade while they were digging.  Their tools were piled up under a tree – screens, shovels, trowels, chain saws, stuff like that.  But now, at night, the place belonged to….

The crabs!  There were hundreds of them!  Thousands!  Big ones the size of my foot and little ones the size of my finger-bone.  Each one had a shell, but it wasn’t his own shell, that he’d grown himself (or herself).  It was a sea shell that he (or she) had crawled into and carried around with him (or her).  They all went “clatter clatter clatter” as they dragged their shells over the coral.  And they all seemed to be coming to me!

 



Hermit Crabs at the Seven Site


“Where’s the food?”  The first one to reach me asked.

“Food!  Food!  Food!” they all clattered, all talking over each other, and crawling all over each other, too.

“I don’t have any…..”

“Food!  Food!  FOOD!”

“I don’t….”

“The TIGHARs always bring us food!”  one said.  The others just kept clattering “Food!  Food!”

“The TIGHARS ARE food!” another one said.  “We just gotta catch ‘em!”

Crabs trying to eat Grandpa Tom

 Another one was crawling up my femur.  His claws tickled.

“Are YOU food?”  He asked.

“No!” I shouted, and knocked him off my leg.  He bounced on the ground.  “I’m plastic!” I told them.

“Do we like plastic?”  asked the one I’d knocked off my leg, struggling to get right-side up

“Not much,” another one said, “but sometimes food’s in plastic.”

“You think there’s food in him?” another one asked, clattering along toward me. 

I thought I should try to change the subject.

“Look, guys, maybe I can go back to the ship and get you some food…..”

“FOOD!  FOOD!”

“What do you like to eat?  What do the TIGHARs bring you?”

“Oreos!”

“Pringles!”

“Chicken and cheese sandwiches!”

“Rice!”

“Mice!”

“Don’t be dumb; the TIGHARs don’t bring mice!”

“No, but the rats come out when the TIGHARs come.”

“Yeah, and the TIGHARs bring FOOD!”

“FOOD!  FOOD!  FOOD!”

“OK, fellows,” I said, backing away down the trail toward the lagoon.  “I’ll… uh… be right back with… oh, maybe some Oreos…..”

“OREOS!  OREOS!  OREOS!”

“I WANT PRINGLES!”

“I WANT A TIGHAR LEG”

“OREOS!!!”

They were clattering and yelling and climbing all over each other.  It was my chance to get away so I turned and ran as fast as I could back to the lagoon, jumping over piles of shells and sticks and dodging crabs that came out of the darkness to grab at my foot bones.

“I’m plastic!” I yelled, jumping down onto the sandbar.  AUV was sitting there in the water, humming a little tune.

“Now,” he buzzed, “do you know what is special about these crabs?”
 
 The Seven Site: Where the Crabs are Hungry
 

Sunday, May 12, 2013

Gerald's Adventure, Part Three

The Continuing Adventure of Gerald the Skeleton at Nikumaroro, 2010


The next night, AUV was low on power, so Frederick offered to take me somewhere.

“How about to the shipwreck!”  I suggested.

“Oh, the Norwich City?  OK, hop aboard.”

It was just a short trip, because the Nai’a was actually tied to the Norwich City on a long rope.  The Norwich City didn’t look much like a ship.  It looked like a bunch of rusty pipes and a tank and a bunch of square things, all in a line on the reef.
The Norwich City in 2007
 
“That’s it?”  I asked.

“That’s it,” Frederick said.  “My great grandpa said he could remember when it had sides and a bow and a smokestack and everything.”

“What makes your grandpa so great?”

“Nothing.  Great grandpa means your grandpa’s grandpa – well, my grandpa’s grandpa, in this case.”

“How can a grandpa have a grandpa?”

Frederick just looked over his shell at me and shook his head.  The tide was high so he swam up over the reef and along the side of the wreck.  It was just like a long line of metal boxes.

“Why are they so rusty?”  I asked.

“They’ve been here a long, long time, since my great grandpa was an egg.”

“So?”

“So they’re made of steel – the whole big ship was made of steel – and it gets all rusty when it’s left in the water and the air.  And then it falls apart.”

I thought about that, and tried to imagine the ship being a real ship, and then slowly falling apart till there was nothing left but those boxes.  And the ghost.

“There,” Frederick said, “see, we’re swimming over the anchor chain.  That was in the chain locker in the bow, but the bow’s all gone, and the chains have fallen out onto the reef.”
Anchor Chain at low tide
 
It was a really big chain, each link bigger than my pelvis, but all rusted together.  There was a ghost hovering in the air, maybe ten feet above it.

“Let’s say hi to the ghost,” I said.

“The what?”  Frederick said.

“The ghost – right there in the air above the chain.”

Frederick looked at me like I was crazy, and I remembered that most people – and I guess most turtles – can’t see ghosts.  I can, of course, because I’m a skeleton, and the ghosts and I have fun together at Halloween back on Cutler Ridge.  The water was pretty shallow, so I hopped off Frederick’s back and stood on the Norwich City’s chains to call up to the ghost.

“Hello, Mister Ghost!” I called.  He turned and looked at me.  He was all filmy and see-through, of course, like ghosts always are, but I could see that he had kind of wild hair and was wearing old pants that were rolled up over his knees.

“allo, Skeleton effendi.  It is a pleasure to hear your voice.”

“It’s nice to see you.  My name is Gerald; what’s yours?”

“Call me Ismael. ”

“Do you live… er.. stay here on the ship?”

“Yes, effendi.  I am in the foc’sle.”

“But there’s nothing there.”

“Nothing you can see, effendi, but I see a nice, comfortable compartment where I used to sleep.”

“Oh.  Were you on the ship when it – uh – wrecked?”

“Oh yes, effendi.  I was killed that night, in this very compartment.  The ship hit the reef going full speed, in a storm, and then it exploded and there was fire….”

“It must have been awful!”

“I’ve gotten over it, effendi.”

“Why do you keep calling me effendi?”

“It is a term of respect in my language, and I am most respectful of all skeletons.”

“Oh, that’s very kind of you – er – effendi.  So, are you all alone here?”

“Oh, no.  There were six of us killed that night – an English cook and five of us from Yemen and Oman, all firemen.”

“Firemen?  With big hats and fire trucks?  Why didn’t you put out the fire?”

“No, no, on a ship like this, we firemen kept the fires going that kept the water boiling that made steam that made the engine go that made the screw go ‘round and ‘round and made the ship go….”

“No hats?”

“No hats.”

“No trucks?”

“What are trucks?

“Uh – never mind.  Where are the others?”

“Oh, they’re – around.  They come and go, you know, we ghosts do that.  In fact, if you’ll excuse me, it’s time for evening prayer.  I go into the forest where I can be quiet, and face the holy city Mecca when I pray.”

“What do you pray for?”

“My wife and little children, effendi, and that someday I may see paradise, insh’allah.”

“Well,” I said, “I hope….”  But he was gone.  Frederick came swimming up and bumped my knee.

“Do you always stand around in water up to your pelvis talking to yourself?”
Norwich City and Naiad, from Nai'a
 

Saturday, May 11, 2013

Gerald's Adventure, Part Two

The Continuing Adventure of Gerald the Skeleton at Nikumaroro, 2010


The Nikumaroro Lagoon
 
One of the first places AUV and I visited was a group of coral heads down near the south end of the lagoon.  Coral heads are big lumps of coral growing out of the bottom of the lagoon.  The TIGHARs thought it was funny that Andrew, who drove their skiff, kept running into them.  Karl, a tough guy with a chain saw who laughs a lot, used to take bets on whether Andrew would run into a coral head, and won a lot of money.  Andrew and John went around marking the coral heads with floating bath toys – a fire engine here, a life ring there – so Andrew could see them and not run into them. 

A man named Clyde had contacted Ric and Grandpa Tom and said he was sure that in Google Earth he could see a Lockheed Electra – the kind of plane Amelia was flying – among the coral heads in one particular place.  Grandpa Tom and his friends had checked it out and not seen anything, but John had asked AUV to check it underwater, so I went along.  I sat on his back like on a horse, and away we went, way down the lagoon.  It was fun to watch the island’s sides slip by, with their tall green trees and circling birds.

Nikumaroro Forest
 
Finally we came to the spot that AUV’s instruments and the satellite they communicated with told him was Clyde’s Electra site.  We looked and looked, and couldn’t find an airplane anywhere.  But wow!  There were a lot of sharks!  They were mostly little baby sharks.  We talked with them.

“Hi,” I said.  “My name’s Gerald; what’s yours?”

“My name’s Sherman,” said one little shark with a squeaky voice, “and my friends here are Sheldon, Shelly, Samuel, Samantha, Sasha, Said, Sabbatical….”

“Sabbatical’s a funny name.”

“He rests a lot on the sand bars.”

“So what do you guys do for fun?”
 

“We eat stuff.  You don’t look good to eat, though.”

“I’m not; I’m plastic.”

“Oh.  Lucky for you, or we’d have your bones stripped clean before you could say ‘yo-ho-ho.”

“Well, in my case that wouldn’t matter much.

“I guess not.”

“Have you seen any airplanes around here?”

“What are airplanes?”

“They’re big metal things that fly in the sky.  They look kind of like my friend here, AUV, but they go up in the air, not in the water.”

“Well, we’re in the water.”

“Yes, but I’m asking about airplanes in the water.”

“I thought you said they go in the sky.”

“Yes, but…..”

“Look, we stay in the water.  Humans who are smart stay on land.  We don’t know anything about the land, or the sky, so you don’t need to ask us about things in the sky; we’re not interested.”

“But…”

“Are you going to sit around wasting our time all day?  We gotta cruise, man!”  And with a swish of the tail, they all disappeared into the murky water of the lagoon.

“There is no airplane here,” AUV buzzed in his mechanical voice.

“How can you be so sure?”  I asked.  “The water’s so cloudy; I can’t see three feet.”

“That is because you have only two feet,” AUV buzzed.

“I mean, I can’t see far in this cloudy water, so maybe there’s an airplane out there and I can’t see it.”

“Nope.”

“Nope?”

“Nope.”

“How do you know?”

“Sonar,” he buzzed.

I thought about this.  AUV has sonar built into him, which means he can send out sound waves that bounce off things and tell him where the things are, and what they are.

“So,” I asked, “do you mean that you can see an airplane with sonar?"

“Yep.  But I don’t.”

“How?”

“How what?”

“How could you see an airplane – if there was one?”

“It sounds different than coral.”

“How does it sound?”

“Biiiing!”

“And how does coral sound?”

“Clunk.”

“Oh.  So there’s no airplane?”

“No biiing, no airplane.  Just clunks.”

“Oh well.  Grandpa Tom and Ric didn’t think there was an airplane here anyway.  What shall we do now?”

“Go back to Club Fred.  Time’s up.”
 
AUV had very clear orders from Jesse and John and Walt to come home to Club Fred when he finished a search, and he always followed orders.  There was no use arguing, though I wanted to explore some more.  So we went back, and I found Frederick, who carried me back to the ship.  It was a good thing he did.  It was morning and the TIGHARs were getting up.  They would have been pretty surprised to find me gone.
AUV, Back Home

Gerald's Adventure, Part One

Gerald the Skeleton came to live with my family and me in the mid-1990s, when I was preparing a slide show for the U.S. Department of Agriculture about how to recognize human bones that might turn up in farm fields; he's an anatomically (but not always politically) correct plastic skeleton, who I disassembled and buried, then exposed parts of to photograph for the show.  Reassembled, he lived in our attic for some years before moving to Miami (specifically Cutler Ridge), Florida, where today he lives with my biologist daughter Rachel, her biologist husband Paul Richards, and especially their kids, space scientist-in-training Noah Richards and paleontologist/geologist-in-training Jacob Richards.  In 2010 he accompanied us to Nikumaroro with a special work assignment; only later did we learn that, while awaiting transit home from Samoa after the trip, he'd taken advantage of the shipping company's computer to write Noah and Jake about his adventures.  He's now searching for an illustrator and publisher, but has given me permission to post his letters here.

Gerald (center) with Tom Roberts (R) and me (L);
Apia, Samoa, 2010 on return from Nikumaroro
 
So here's the first one.
 
Dear Noah and Jake,
Thanks so much for letting me go on the TIGHAR Niku VI Expedition.  It was a lot of fun, and I want to tell you all about it.
 
As you know, I flew all the way to Samoa on a big jet airplane, in the box that you and Mom packed me in.  It was very comfortable, even though you did have to take my legs off.  I waited around in a warehouse in Apia, a city in Samoa, for awhile and then went on a truck to the harbor.  Grandpa Tom unpacked me; we were happy to see each other.
Grandpa Tom put my legs back on and took me aboard the expedition ship, the Nai’a.  “Nai’a” means “dolphin” in the language of Fiji, the island country where the ship is usually docked.  But she’s not docked very often; mostly she sails around taking divers to see Fiji’s beautiful coral reefs and fish.  And she takes the TIGHAR teams up to the Phoenix Islands every few years to look for Amelia Earhart.  Mom or Dad can tell you all about Amelia, and why TIGHAR’s looking for her.
My job on the expedition was a pretty easy one.  All I had to do was sit in the ship’s salon and let people look at my bones.  You see, back in 1940 – that’s so long ago that even Grandpa Tom hadn’t been born yet – people on Nikumaroro Island found some human bones just like mine, but they found only thirteen of them, and as you know, I (and you, and most other people) have hundreds of bones.  Grandpa Tom and the other TIGHAR people think that the bones may have been Amelia’s, and they want to find the rest of them.  The trouble is, the site where they think the bones were found – they call it the Seven Site – is a sort of ridge (like Cutler Ridge, but not as big, and without any houses; come to think of it, it’s not much like Cutler Ridge at all).  Anyhow, it’s a kind of ridge made up of broken pieces of coral.  As Dad and Mom can tell you, corals are little sea animals that grow in all kinds of shapes, and leave their skeletons when they die (just like people do).  Their skeletons are in all kinds of shapes, too, and when gazillions of them have died, their skeletons form islands like Nikumaroro.  So the Seven Site is made up of all these broken up coral skeletons, and it’s really hard to tell the difference between a piece of coral and a human bone.  So Grandpa Tom wanted all the TIGHAR people to look closely at my bones, so they’d know what they were looking for at the Seven Site. 
When everything was loaded aboard Nai’a, we sailed for Nikumaroro.  It’s about six hundred miles between Samoa and Nikumaroro – which everybody calls “Niku” – across open ocean.  On the first day it was really rough, and the ship rolled waay over to port (that’s left) and starboard (that’s right), back and forth and back and forth.  But I didn’t get seasick because, of course, I don’t have a stomach.
Leaving Samoa
 
The second day the ocean was smoother, and everybody started getting things organized to go to work when we got to the island.  Grandpa Tom put together screens for sifting dirt, which was actually pretty silly because there’s almost no dirt at the Seven Site.  His friends John, Walt and Jesse assembled the ROV and AUV – these are machines that go deep underwater and take pictures.  Other people sharpened their bush knives and trowels and made sure their cameras were working.  My new friend Tom Roberts got his total station running, so he could map where things were found.  Ric, the Boss TIGHAR who's in charge of everything, did all kinds of things and talked with everyone and occasionally played his accordian.
 
We finally got to Nikumaroro, which is a beautiful little island without any people on it at all – except the TIGHAR people when they’re there.  Every morning after breakfast most of them would get in a rubber boat called a Naiad and go ashore.  John, Walt and Jesse would work with the ROV and AUV to explore underwater in the lagoon and on the reef, while everyone else got in another Naiad in the lagoon and rode down to the Seven Site, which is clear down at the other end of the island.  There Grandpa Tom and his friends laid out areas to excavate, and they dug and dug looking for bones and stuff that Amelia might have left.
I stayed aboard the Nai’a, which spent most of its time tied to the wreck of a big steamship that crashed on the island many, many years ago; about all that’s left of it now are the engine, some tanks, and the shaft that the propeller was attached to.  I just sat in my corner of the salon and watched Suliana and Richie, and the others who take care of things.  They cooked, cleaned things up, and made sure everything was in place for the TIGHARs to eat and sleep and take showers.   I also watched the sailors, who kept the ship working, fished, told jokes, played the guitar and sang, and sometimes drank kava.  Mom and Dad can tell you about kava.  It actually got pretty boring.  Every afternoon the TIGHARs would come back all hot and sweaty and dirty, and over dinner they’d talk about what they’d done that day on the island.  I got pretty interested in the island, but nobody offered to take me ashore.  So I decided to go by myself, if I could figure out a way.
At night after everyone went to sleep – and they went to sleep early, because they were so tired, except for a few people who sat up in the bow and watched the stars (They called it “Star Theater”) – I started getting up out of my corner and exploring the ship.  I went up to the bridge and down to the engine room, up to the bow and back to the stern, very quietly so nobody noticed me.
Back on the stern there was a platform for getting in and out of boats.  I liked to go back there because I could be close to the water and talk with whoever came swimming by.  I got to be friends with a lot of dolphins and sea turtles, and talked with a couple of sharks, too, though the dolphins said not to trust the sharks, they were tricky and might try to bite me.  Anyway, one night a big green sea turtle named Frederick offered to take me ashore, so I climbed on his back and held on tight to his shell while he swam over to the island.  I got all wet when he dived down into the deep water, but of course I don’t have to breathe so I didn’t drown.  Frederick swam right into the lagoon, and let me get off at the nice long sandy beach where the TIGHARs kept their lagoon boat.  They call the place Club Fred.  I was really happy to see AUV sitting there, and he was glad to see me.  He said he was charging his batteries; he was all hooked up to solar panels like they use on spaceships, but of course it was night so he wasn’t really charging right then.  He said he was fully charged and would take me anywhere I wanted to go around the lagoon. 
Club Fred
 
Very close to AUV’s camp, two big birds were sitting on an egg.  Actually they weren’t doing so at the same time; they took turns.  They were a mommy and daddy – or would be when their egg hatched.  They were brown-footed boobies, named Honk and Honkette.  They had one egg that just sat there on the ground being an egg, and one of them sat on it all the time while the other one went out and caught fish to eat.  They were very proud of their egg.  They let me see it, but not touch it, and they squawked really loud and flapped their wings if I got too close.  I couldn’t blame them; it was their baby, after all.
So from then on, every night as soon as the TIGHARs went to sleep, I’d tiptoe back to the stern platform and Frederick would take me into the lagoon.  Then I’d talk with Honk or Honkette, whichever one was on duty, and then climb aboard AUV and we’d go around looking at stuff and having adventures.
To be continued
--------------------------


Tuesday, April 30, 2013

Another "Out of the Past" Interview

Thanks to Joe Cerniglia, I was happy to learn this morning that "Out of the Past" -- the Old News show on the Fairfax, VA public access channel that ran interviews with me a couple of years ago -- has aired the third interview, taped last year while the deep-water reef-search expedition was still at sea. It's on the web at http://vimeo.com/48938202, and I think the interviewers and producers (if not the interviewee) did a good job.



Monday, January 28, 2013

The Birds!

Maybe it’s the release of the Hitchcock movie, but I’ve had birds on my mind, and have spent some time looking at the analysis of Seven Site avian remains done last year by Sara Collins of Pacific Consulting Services, Inc. in Hawaii (Collins 2011). Some basics:

• 2433 bird bones recovered and analyzed.

• Overwhelming majority are Red-footed Booby (Sula sula) and Lesser Frigatebird (Frigata Ariel).

• Most are adult, a few juvenile

In preparing the bird and fish bones for analysis, I divided the site into eight “clusters” based on geography and the gross distribution of faunal remains. Each cluster represented either a very distinct part of the site (e.g. the 2001 M-units, way off at the NW end), or some sort of concentration of faunal remains, often associated with more or less distinct features (e.g. fire sites, concentrations of shellfish). Seven of these clusters – designated 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, X, and BB – produced bird bones.

Clusters 2 and 3, along the ridge crest in the vicinity of the Big Buka and the fire features excavated in 2001, each contained remains that could be accounted for by the consumption of four boobies and one to two Frigatebirds, but since these clusters were adjacent to one another, it is quite possible that they collectively contain the remains of only four boobies and two Frigatebirds. Cluster 4, containing the WR Feature (containing the partly melted bottles, snap, ferrous items, and probable rouge fragments) also produced the remains of about 4 boobies and two Frigates. Cluster 5, situated between the WR Feature and the immediate neighborhood of the SL Feature (probable rouge, ferrous, bottles, etc.) produced the remains of perhaps one boobie. Cluster X, where most of the jackknife was found, produced the remains of 2 boobies, and Cluster BB – a surface birdbone scatter downslope from the SL Feature – produced bones from 2 boobies and 8 Frigates.

And then there’s Cluster 6, around the SL Feature.

Cluster 6 produced evidence of at least 22 boobies and 6 Frigates, along with one each of Phaeton lepturus and Phaeton rubricaudai, the white-tailed and red-tailed Tropicbird. Many of the bones are charred. Someone processed and cooked a lot of birds around the SL Feature.

As far as we know, four “populations” may have killed and processed birds at the Seven Site:

1. The colonists; we have oral accounts of bird-hunting at the site;

2. Gallagher, who we know from historical data and oral accounts spent time at the site;

3. The Coast Guardsmen, who we know from photographic, oral, and archaeological evidence hunted birds around the site; and

4. The castaway(s).

We have no particular reason to think that Gallagher spent much time at his Seven Site “camp,” or that he or others processed birds while there. As far as we know the Coast Guardsmen shot birds, but did not process or eat them. They might have hauled a particularly impressive bird back to the station for display purposes, but most times probably discarded carcasses on site – where they would almost certainly be quickly consumed by crabs.

The colonists apparently sometimes cooked and ate birds while visiting the site to hunt turtles, but most often – according to oral testimony – did preliminary processing at the site and then took the carcasses back to the village. Preliminary processing involved chopping off the wings, probably removing the heads and gutting the bodies, and skinning the birds, removing the feet in the process. So a deposit of bird bones left by the colonists should include a disproportionate number of wing bones relative to bones of the thorax.

Some of the clusters do have more wing bones than bones of the thorax. Cluster 2, for instance, on the ridge near the Big Buka, produced 11 boobie wing bones to only 5 bones of the thorax, and 4 leg bones. But it produced more thoraxial Frigatebird bones (4) than wing ones (2), along with two cranium fragments. Cluster BB – as noted, a surface scatter downslope from the SL Feature – shows what may be a more expectable profile for a colonist-produced birdbone concentration: 50 Frigatebird wing bones and only one bone from a Frigatebird’s thorax region. BB also produced 3 boobie wing bones and 2 thoraxial bones; I suspect that these kinds of quantities could be found virtually anywhere on the site, reflecting natural distribution of bones by crabs and other factors.

Cluster 4, around the WR feature, produced 5 boobie wing bones and 10 bones of the boobie thorax, together with 4 Frigate wing bones and 7 bones of the thorax. This looks more like the remains of someone’s on-site meals than like food procurement for the colonial village.

And Cluster 6, around the SL feature, produced 60 boobie wing bones to 68 thoraxial bones and 61 leg bones, together with 52 Frigate wing bones to 13 from the thorax and 2 from the legs. There were also 2 boobie and 3 Frigate cranial fragments. This, too, looks a lot more like on-site consumption than like procurement for the village.

So, someone appears to have eaten about 30 birds – 22 boobies, 6 Frigatebirds, and 2 Tropicbirds – at and around the SL Feature, which has produced a considerable diversity of possible castaway artifacts. If the eater was the castaway, what does this tell us about him or her?

Boobies are pretty easy to catch; they lay eggs on the ground and sit on them till they hatch, the male and female taking turns. They roost in trees, but also in low bushes and sometimes on the ground. Frigatebirds usually roost in trees, but when they do land on the ground, their very small feet make it difficult for them to get around. Even a castaway unskilled in bird procurement would probably not have a hard time catching a bird or two each day in the vicinity of the Seven Site. Birds would probably be much easier to catch than fish; fish dart around the tidepools and are inherently slippery, but boobies, particularly when nesting and at least until they become wise to the ways of humans, often just sit under bushes and wait to have their necks wrung.

Former colonists on Howland, Baker, and Jarvis Islands (both Native Hawaiian and Anglo) interviewed for the video Under a Jarvis Moon (See http://www.bishopmuseum.org/special/under_a_jarvis_moon.html ) said that boobies were quite tasty, while Frigatebirds tasted terrible and had little meat. This might account for the much larger number of boobies represented in the Cluster 6 collection, though one wonders why there are even six Frigatebirds.

Setting aside the question of the Frigatebirds, it is easy enough to imagine a scenario in which the castaway(s), arriving at the Seven Site, found a large number of boobies nesting on the ground, ready to be harvested. They would be particularly vulnerable to harvesting if they were sitting on eggs, which they do not abandon readily. According to the Howland/Baker/Jarvis colonists, boobie eggs are quite tasty.

A source cited by Collins (Child 1960) suggests that boobies in the Phoenix Islands fledge (that is, the parents nest, the fledgelings hatch and grow to the point of independence) mostly between April and December, though a more recent study (Gupta 2007) indicates only that those in a given population fledge synchronously (all at more or less the same time), throughout the year but varying by location. We have observed boobies sitting on eggs, and fledging, in late May and early June.

It is not implausible, then, that the large collection of boobie remains in and around the SL Feature represents occupation of the site for a fairly extended period of time (or by a large number of people, for which there is no other evidence), most likely between April and December. The relative dearth of fledgling bones suggests that the feature was in use prior to the actual birth of baby boobies. Exactly when this would be requires further research, but if we simply take the earlier part of the fledging season recorded by Child (1960), the feature would have most likely have been in use between April and August.

A single boobie would probably make a good meal for one or two people, so we might propose as a rough estimate that the boobie bones indicate use of the SL Feature for at least ten days or so by two people, or twenty-plus days by one person. Boobie meat might become pretty boring after a few days, but there is plenty of evidence at the Seven Site for the exploitation of other food sources – fish, shellfish, baby sea turtle, adult sea turtle. But particularly in the nesting/fledging season, boobies would have provided a fairly reliable food source when others failed, or when others were too difficult to procure.

If we assume – and this is, of course, pure conjecture – that the SL Feature was used by a single castaway, who was responsible for all the bird bones as well as the nearby fish, shellfish, and baby turtle remains, then we are surely looking at occupation at the site for a period of at least a month or so.

Sources:

Child, Peter

          1960 Birds of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony. Atoll Research Bulletin #74, Pacific Sciences Board, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington DC.

Collins, Sara

          2011 Analysis of TIGHAR Faunal Materials. Manuscript, TIGHAR files.

Gupta, Anuradha

          2007 Proposed Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in Kiribati. Prepared for Birdlife International Pacific Partnership, Suva, Fiji.