tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-44569420743723213032024-03-25T12:21:19.915-07:00Amelia Earhart ArchaeologyA discussion of research into the Nikumaroro Hypothesis on the 1937 disappearance of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan, hosted by research archaeologist Tom King.Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.comBlogger115125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-10781896298069190422022-11-04T04:22:00.034-07:002022-11-05T16:07:11.683-07:00Machine Learning With Amelia Finds An Audience in the U.K.<h2 style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: large;">by Joe Cerniglia</span></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwh9aqxGAso_1zFmcLGrtOlaUzGjl8ioxZBmmyEZ2enjOXsJRzwssI7swUwDw-zZ84qULBs-hXSvG6cEqNdqP4LVjBzJcxvQy9vH00DrjA4oN3ibvXktNxB6DvRMHTM_GR20N7U8QjiovoaiAzHhjl5Y93zIZb7PRArkfcPeSP0vP-i7eaIgg2VE5G/s6000/Electra.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="6000" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwh9aqxGAso_1zFmcLGrtOlaUzGjl8ioxZBmmyEZ2enjOXsJRzwssI7swUwDw-zZ84qULBs-hXSvG6cEqNdqP4LVjBzJcxvQy9vH00DrjA4oN3ibvXktNxB6DvRMHTM_GR20N7U8QjiovoaiAzHhjl5Y93zIZb7PRArkfcPeSP0vP-i7eaIgg2VE5G/w463-h309/Electra.jpg" width="463" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face="Slack-Lato, Slack-Fractions, appleLogo, sans-serif" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #1d1c1d; font-size: 15px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; text-align: left;">Photograph credit: ID </span><a class="c-link" data-remove-tab-index="true" data-sk="tooltip_parent" data-stringify-link="https://www.dreamstime.com/editorial-photo-historic-lockheed-model-e-electra-airplane-seattle-museum-flight-display-silver-metal-sheeting-makes-dazzling-image98648556" delay="150" href="https://www.dreamstime.com/editorial-photo-historic-lockheed-model-e-electra-airplane-seattle-museum-flight-display-silver-metal-sheeting-makes-dazzling-image98648556" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Slack-Lato, Slack-Fractions, appleLogo, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" tabindex="-1" target="_blank">98648556</a><span face="Slack-Lato, Slack-Fractions, appleLogo, sans-serif" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #1d1c1d; font-size: 15px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; text-align: left;"> © </span><a class="c-link" data-remove-tab-index="true" data-sk="tooltip_parent" data-stringify-link="https://www.dreamstime.com/mickem_info" delay="150" href="https://www.dreamstime.com/mickem_info" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Slack-Lato, Slack-Fractions, appleLogo, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" tabindex="-1" target="_blank">Mickem</a><span face="Slack-Lato, Slack-Fractions, appleLogo, sans-serif" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #1d1c1d; font-size: 15px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; text-align: left;"> | </span><a class="c-link" data-remove-tab-index="true" data-sk="tooltip_parent" data-stringify-link="http://Dreamstime.com" delay="150" href="http://dreamstime.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Slack-Lato, Slack-Fractions, appleLogo, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;" tabindex="-1" target="_blank">Dreamstime.com</a></div><br /><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><a href="https://www.turing.ac.uk/" target="_blank">The Alan Turing Institute</a> in the United Kingdom has published a reformulated version of the article I posted back in March of 2022. <a href="https://alan-turing-institute.github.io/TuringDataStories-fastpages/" target="_blank">Turing Data Stories</a> is a blog of the Institute that is dedicated to writing and publishing examples of <a href="https://www.ukri.org/about-us/policies-standards-and-data/good-research-resource-hub/open-research/">open-sourced research</a>, meaning that all the various threads of the author's work (programming code, methodology, and, most important, the original source data) are available to all to experiment with, critique, build upon, and understand.</span><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The importance of having open-sourced research became obvious to me as I began to study academic articles on machine learning. Often, data from which many of these studies are drawn are not publicly available; thus, they offer no way to duplicate the work and prove that the methods elaborated in the articles are sound. The problem is common in a significant percentage of academic research that has been published. While such omissions may have been answerable if not justifiable in the pre-internet era, the age of the internet seems to have weakened if not demolished altogether any pretense of a rationale that once existed for them. Nevertheless, these omissions persist. This seemed to me a problem that someone should be working on. It was then that I discovered The Alan Turing Institute, and learned to my delight that, in the United Kingdom at least, this problem is taken very seriously at the <a href="https://www.turing.ac.uk/news/alan-turing-institute-has-secured-ps10-million-new-funding-epsrc-behalf-ukri">highest levels</a>. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">I then proposed to the Turing Data Stories group that perhaps my article could be expanded as a data story to try to model some of these ideals. Working with them over the course of these past few months, and having them peer-review the work, I have been impressed by their dedication to building an A.I. infrastructure in the U.K. that will propel the country to enjoy the many benefits of a broad computer literacy. We need something similar here in the United States.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Here, then, is the latest <a href="https://alan-turing-institute.github.io/TuringDataStories-fastpages/amelia%20earhart/fred%20noonan/aviation%20mystery/classification/machine%20learning%20in%20social%20sciences/smote/covariate%20drift/random%20forest/2022/10/14/Glass-ML-20th-Century.html" target="_blank">Turing Data Story</a>.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The connection between Amelia Earhart and the United Kingdom may seem tenuous, but in fact it is rather significant. Earhart was whisked by air to London in a driving rainstorm after her solo trans-Atlantic flight in 1932, the first made by a woman and the second made by a human being, after Lindbergh. That event so inscribed itself upon the memory of Londoners that Walter Sickert thought it worth commemorating, in a painting that now hangs in the permanent collection of <a href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/research-publications/camden-town-group/walter-richard-sickert-miss-earharts-arrival-r1135622" target="_blank">London's Tate Gallery</a>. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span>Additionally, the U.K. played an important part in the early research that has led some to believe Nikumaroro Island may have been the place where Earhart's world flight ended. In 1940, British subjects working as coconut planters on Nikumaroro, then Gardner Island, discovered a skull on the southeast corner of the island. </span><span><span>Their subsequent searches in this area of the island led to the discovery of</span><span> additional bones, </span><span>along with a sextant box, a woman's shoe, a Benedictine bottle, and the remnants of a campsite, which to them seemed evidence of a castaway. They </span><a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Bonesimages/wphcdocuments.pdf" target="_blank">reported</a><span> this discovery to British authorities in their chain of command, and sent the bones and artifacts to the Western Pacific High Commission in Suva, Fiji (then a British colonial possession) for further analysis. It was precisely in this area of the island where the bones were found that researchers from TIGHAR discovered the glass cosmetic jar, which is the subject of my data story, almost exactly 70 years later.</span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">While the commanding officers in Fiji ultimately doubted they had received the remains of Amelia Earhart, their contribution to the investigation and to the various lines of evidence is noteworthy and relevant to the data story itself.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Thus, it is also noteworthy that the U.K.'s self-described national institute for data science and artificial intelligence has taken an interest in the story, both for its ability to illustrate good data science practices and simply because it is a great story. </span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Enjoy!</span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>Joe Cernigliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17410570808333784643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-3757317540004295652022-03-23T04:34:00.040-07:002022-10-06T14:32:51.920-07:00Machine Learning with Amelia<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span face=""trebuchet ms" , sans-serif">by Joe Cerniglia</span></h2>
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</div><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9j_7Ripz8siD_LbU8IdjTiuua14B8XG-A-16-EpSvTAZxWpxJgTc0K5SeL1tLB-DgiDBLhuJfXoDx-acwTbEgnqISYvzgQ51T_eyhYA__Bow1r85hci9ZSPsv03ts0E-FWgTGe2lEBNXqiqGz9F6pC0gjU_ckGbdz7g_dUiZ_SUim3CRlRi4PZSTE/s1924/freckle%20jar%20and%20white%20jar.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1442" data-original-width="1924" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9j_7Ripz8siD_LbU8IdjTiuua14B8XG-A-16-EpSvTAZxWpxJgTc0K5SeL1tLB-DgiDBLhuJfXoDx-acwTbEgnqISYvzgQ51T_eyhYA__Bow1r85hci9ZSPsv03ts0E-FWgTGe2lEBNXqiqGz9F6pC0gjU_ckGbdz7g_dUiZ_SUim3CRlRi4PZSTE/s320/freckle%20jar%20and%20white%20jar.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br />Incredibly, it has been more than two years since the last post was published here on Amelia Earhart Archaeology. It is time to revive the search for Amelia!</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">But before I do, I need to insert a little background on what I've been up to, and then tie that back to the Earhart search. Lately, I have been trying to learn new skills. One of those is Machine Learning. I have been studying this subject independently for about four months now, and I will be taking my first Machine Learning course with eCornell, the online division of Cornell University, next week. Next year I will be working on the Machine Learning certificate program offered by eCornell. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">One of our assignments in the current course I am taking was to locate a data set of interest, load the data into a Jupyter notebook and carry out some analyses. Jupyter notebook is a tool that allows coders to integrate their code and the result of the code, plus explanatory text. While this may not seem all that revolutionary, research papers that transparently show all of the methodology behind their research are all too uncommon. Very often it becomes very difficult for those who wish to follow up on research to see the work behind it and exactly how a result was derived. The tools and languages used are often disclosed but the exact code and data remain elusive.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">There is a name for this phenomenon, and I think it's a good one. It's called the reproducibility crisis.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The Alan Turing Institute in the U.K. has recognized the crisis and is urging the adoption of uniform standards of reproducibility in academic research. They identify one source of the problem as follows:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Issues in reproducible research predominantly stem from academic incentives that encourage competition between research teams working on similar questions. The system means that an individual research team - behaving rationally - is likely not to share their data, code, protocols nor experimental design expertise with researchers working in the same area as themselves. The outcomes will likely result in siloed knowledge and a lack of transparency in research methods.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Find their article here: <a href="https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/39806/pdf/" target="_blank">Turing Response to Reproducibility and Research Integrity Inquiry</a></span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: small;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Predictably, and unfortunately, this phenomenon is not limited to academia. Obscuration seems to be popular everywhere, even in such things as product packaging. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">In my own small way, then, I want to help address the reproducibility crisis in Amelia Earhart research by making available a research effort of my own.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">While it has been two years since this blog had a post, it has been about 10 years since news of the famous freckle cream jar, which just possibly may have belonged to Amelia Earhart, first <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna47623025" target="_blank">hit the airwaves</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Our joint paper on this topic, <a href="https://www.academia.edu/40823470/A_Freckle_In_Time_or_a_Fly_in_the_Ointment" target="_blank">A Freckle in Time</a>, first released in October 2013, stated that the jar had an unusual chemistry that was closer to that of window glass than that of cosmetic containers. We had some data in books that informed us of this fact, but we lacked real data that we could use to verify this for ourselves.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Casting about for topics to incorporate into my coursework, I came upon a glass dataset from the University of California at Irvine Machine Learning Repository: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a href="https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/glass+identification">https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/glass+identification</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Recalling our work on glass chemistry in our paper, I thought that this would be an excellent opportunity to put our finding of 'unusual chemistry' to the test.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">My goal was to use the UCI glass database to build a machine learning model, and then to apply that model to both the artifact jar found on Nikumaroro and to the clear facsimile jar in the same size and shape (but not color) found on eBay. The model would then determine which of several types of glass would best categorize these two samples. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">What I learned was that a prudently tweaked ML model can indeed spot the clear facsimile correctly as a container. Also, as we had suspected nine years ago, the artifact jar of reputed freckle fame was identified by the model as a 'window non-float,' a variety of glass that is most often found in <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AKMuseum5.JPG" target="_blank">churches</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Usually in Machine Learning, a misidentification is considered a failure, but in this case, I would consider the misidentification a success. It showed, in a reproducible and much more rigorously scientific way than previously we had shown, that the artifact jar is indeed unusual and original in its chemistry. I further speculate that the inability of the model to characterize it is not the result of a less than fully robust sample dataset, but rather the result of a lack of real-word siblings to be found, even in the 1930s.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">While admittedly some of this IS speculation, the absence of evidence I observe is one that is drawn from years of searching for the exact twin to the artifact jar, so far without result.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">My research, transparently presented with the original Python source code and research result, may be found here on <a href="https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/joecerniglia/Glass_ML2/HEAD" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;">the Binder website</span></a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">A word of instruction on using Binder:</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">When you click on the link above, you will be brought to Binder, a website that hosts Jupyter notebooks for interactive sessions. The site may take 2 to 5 minutes to load and, if the site is busy, it may not load at all. Binder is a free service, paid for by a small number of corporations committed to open source work. The website states in its <a href="https://mybinder.readthedocs.io/en/latest/about/status.html">documentation</a>: </span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">We are still working on defining what the exact goals for uptime and reliability should be.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Understandably, they are still working out the kinks. I find, however, that when I shut down my browser completely, and then re-click on the link, the service then becomes available.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">When you reach the workspace, in the left-hand pane double-click on the first document: DatasetPlayground_interactive_SMOTE.ipynb. When this document has opened click on the >> tool button at the top of the page to execute the code. Inside the document, you will be instructed in how to use the two interactive exhibits it contains, so that you may explore the data and verify the findings independently.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The conclusions I draw will probably not be controversial, nor will they be greeted with the fanfare of the initial reports of freckle creme, but they do constitute progress.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">I have many more articles to post here, but first I need to write them. This will take time, but they are forthcoming. I appreciate the loyal readers and followers of this blog, and most of all, I appreciate your patience!</span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;">June 15, 2022 Update: I have written a much-expanded version without interactive links that may be viewed here:</span></p><p><a href="https://nbviewer.org/github/joecerniglia/TuringDataStories/blob/master/stories/2022-03-27_Glass_ML/ML_20th_Century.ipynb" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: large;">viewer link</span></a><br /></p><p><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></span></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><br /></span></p><p><br /></p>Joe Cernigliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17410570808333784643noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-35385998211451860372019-11-02T08:03:00.001-07:002022-03-23T08:14:44.923-07:00Making Room for a New Guess<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">by Joe Cerniglia</span></h2>
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<i style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">"The problem is not what might be wrong, but what might be substituted precisely in place of it....You make a hole for a new guess."</i><u style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">[1]</u><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-style: italic;"> </b>- Richard Feynman</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Robert Ballard and crew members of the Expedition Vessel <i>Nautilus</i> have concluded their mission to Nikumaroro. From August 9 to August 21, 2019, Ballard and his team scanned the ocean floor adjacent to Nikumaroro for signs of large pieces of Amelia Earhart’s plane. The Nautilus’ search area was more extensive than any search of the island’s deep water margins to date, reaching, at times, a distance more than a mile from shore. However, no Electra, fragmentary or otherwise, was found. In related work, a team supervised by Fred Hiebert, archaeologist-in-residence for National Geographic, searched human bone collections held by the Te Umwanibong Museum and Cultural Centre in Tarawa, Kiribati and found a fragmentary skull. Although details of the provenance of this skull are lacking, members of the team believe it may be the same skull that was discovered in 1940 on Nikumaroro and sent on to Fiji for analysis in 1941. If the skull, retrieved from Tarawa and now undergoing analysis in Florida, yields DNA that can be matched with that of relatives of Amelia Earhart, Ballard has promised to return to the island to resume the underwater search for Earhart’s vanished Electra 10e.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />And if the skull does not display a clear biological link to Amelia Earhart, then, since the airplane has also not been found, must the Nikumaroro hypothesis finally and irrevocably now be said to have been disproven?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />Many bloggers and screenwriters have already sharpened their pencils and begun to write that it has.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />Those who wanted the Earhart mystery solved had pinned their hopes on a large piece of the Electra peering through the murky depths at the camera lights of Argus and Hercules, the remotely operated vehicles of the Nautilus. The failure to find the Electra, however, should not invite hasty conclusions.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />The missing airplane <span class="s1"><span style="color: black;"><b>may</b></span></span>, however, be an opportunity to reexamine what we think we know or what we suppose must be true in order for the Nikumaroro hypothesis to be correct.</span><br />
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Possibilities</span></i></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Again, pieces of aircraft wreckage were neither seen nor suggested in all of the underwater imaging conducted by Ballard and his team. Assuming that this probing was effective, and that post-processing of recorded images and data does not reveal new evidence of the airplane, one must ask what would be the reasons why no airplane was found. I can see six possibilities:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1) Pieces of the Electra are not underwater because the Electra was never at Nikumaroro. (Other elements of the hypothesis for Nikumaroro, however, would in that case continue to defy a unifyingly plausible explanation.<u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[2]</u>)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">2) Pieces of the Electra are underwater in areas that have been explored, but they are too encrusted with coral and ocean silt or other deposits to be noticed.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">3) Pieces of the Electra are underwater but are hiding in shoreward areas not explored by divers and too shallow for exploration by autonomous and remotely-operated vehicles.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">4) Pieces of the Electra are underwater but the plane floated many miles offshore and sank into abyssal depths.<u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[3]</u> (The farther one searches from shore, however, the more difficult it becomes to demonstrate that the Electra, if found, ever actually reached Nikumaroro.)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">5) Pieces of the Electra are underwater but have by now been pulverized into smaller pieces that are not large enough to be noticed <u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[4]</u>, wherever they may lie, or they appear insignificant when compared with other nearby identifiable objects such as S.S. <i>Norwich City</i> debris.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">6) Pieces of the Electra were underwater in shallow areas close to land but have been gradually washing up onto the shoreline, driven by wind and storms, with little of it visible today.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There may be other possibilities, but these appear to be the most likely ones. Other than the null hypothesis (#1), which excludes all the others, more than one of these possibilities could overlap; that is, some could jointly be true.</span><br />
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<i style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">"And the question is what to throw away and what to keep. If you throw it all away, it's going a little far, and you don't get much to work with." </i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[5]</u> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">- Richard Feynman</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Guessing Toward Land</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Members of TIGHAR (The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery) have often pondered the sixth possibility: that the airplane sank in very shallow water, close to the shore but just deep enough to be at most times invisible. In the high-energy environment close to the island’s fringing coral reef, cyclones and lesser storms striking frequently during the winter months would do it great damage. All or most of the wreckage could have been swept shoreward, in stages, slowly, piecemeal, but inexorably, over the ensuing decades. Perhaps some of the smaller pieces are even now washing ashore.<span style="color: blue;"><b><u>[6]</u></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Anecdotal accounts, over a long time frame, lend some support to this conjecture.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Emily Sikuli, who lived on the island from 1939 to 1941, stated she saw a large piece of an airplane on the northern shore of Nikumaroro near the wreck of the S.S. <i>Norwich City</i>. In an interview, when asked how large the airplane was, Emily stated, holding her arms out, "About four arm spans."<span style="color: blue;"><b><u>[7]</u></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Pulekai Songivalu, who lived on the island after World War II as resident schoolmaster, stated, "I saw pieces of airplane in the lagoon."<span style="color: blue;"><b><u>[8]</u></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Tapania Taiki, daughter of Pulekai Songivalu, who lived on the island from 1958 or 1959 and left in the mid 1960s, stated, "I saw a piece of airplane wing on the reef."<span style="color: blue;"><b><u>[9]</u></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Between 1944 and 1945, John Park Mims (1920-2018) made many trips to Nikumaroro in a PBY from Canton to resupply the Coast Guard LORAN station stationed on the island. He stated that he witnessed a large fish having been recently caught by the islanders. The hook in the fish's mouth was, according to the islanders, made from aluminum from a downed airplane. The line leader was aircraft control cable, recognizable to Mims and to his friend, Eyvind Wahlgren, as from a type of aircraft that was smaller than a PBY.<span style="color: blue;"><b><u>[10]</u></b></span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The sixth possibility, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">aircraft wreckage washing up on shore, is the one most consistent with anecdotal accounts, but anecdotal accounts are of limited value, because memories can change, be inaccurate or otherwise wrong. It is noteworthy, however, that the native anecdotes tend to corroborate one another and are supported by some members of the Coast Guard who visited the island as well.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There is a discarded bit of evidence, additionally, that seems as though it might be consistent with the sixth possibility, and with the anecdotal accounts. It consists of a photo, named the “wreck photo.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>The Wreck Photo, Reconsidered</i></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEiXfV5nOKiSQAib27JFKLTBj-DfNr6Ay6T62-5uC4SKy21IEF8knaNKz7t_50yiiBrlpx5Y-SNaof1M-xpQCrOGjIw9HeogMKLTkdhpejqcDdfttidGCMnSYwC-I_kzfXgXeLxXO4gmE/s1600/wreck+photo.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="506" data-original-width="500" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEiXfV5nOKiSQAib27JFKLTBj-DfNr6Ay6T62-5uC4SKy21IEF8knaNKz7t_50yiiBrlpx5Y-SNaof1M-xpQCrOGjIw9HeogMKLTkdhpejqcDdfttidGCMnSYwC-I_kzfXgXeLxXO4gmE/s400/wreck+photo.jpeg" width="395" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The photo was in the possession of U.S. Navy Captain George Carrington. Carrington said the photo was given to him by a former British seaman who had served on the HMS <i>Adamant</i>. For reasons of privacy, the seaman requested anonymity. This seaman claimed that, sometime in 1946 or 1947, he and other men from the ship had gone ashore on what they took to be a deserted Pacific island, whose name escaped his recollection, for purposes of recreation and gathering sand for boiler room fires. While in back of the tree line, the sailor took the photograph of the wreck of a twin-engined airplane. Carrington brought the photo in the late 1980s to the notice of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, which enlisted the help of the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum, and later TIGHAR, in learning more about its origins and possible significance to the mystery of Amelia Earhart’s disappearance.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><u>[11]</u></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />TIGHAR, after more than 21 years of exhaustively researching the photo, ultimately dismissed it in 2009 as a depiction of the wreckage of a Japanese Tachikawa Ki-54 on Agrighan Island. It based its identification of where the photo had been taken on the logs of the HMS <i>Adamant</i>, whose only recorded port of call on an island seeming to match Carrington's description in 1946-47 had been Agrighan. It based the identification of the airplane in the photo on the way the engine cowlings had come apart, which were different from how an Electra’s engine should have, and on what it claimed was the presence of a “small round inspection plate” just forward and a little rightward of the center line from the windshield, on the nose section of a surviving Tachikawa Ki-54s housed in the Beijing Aviation Museum. Both the airplane in the wreck photo and the airplane in the Beijing Aviation Museum, it claimed, carried this same inspection plate in identical locations.<span style="color: blue;"><b><u>[12]</u></b></span> What TIGHAR claims to be an inspection plate in photos, however, seems difficult to distinguish from what may actually be a small hole, nor is it apparent from its research that all Tachikawa Ki-54s carried an identical inspection plate, nor even that the oval-shaped spot on the photo of the Tachikawa K-54 in Beijing is an inspection plate.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Odd Attributes of the Wreck Photo</i></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Regardless of where the photo was taken or what airplane it shows, there is something very unusual about the condition of the airplane depicted. The propeller in the aircraft engine shown is apparently unbent. When a propeller-driven aircraft crashes, either through “controlled flight into terrain” or through a loss of control in an attempted landing, propellers will be a primary area of damage. Most always they are bent. How the propellers bend can be an indication of what the airplane was doing prior to the crash. If a blade is bent forward, it indicates the airplane engine was operating at high power at the time of impact. If a blade is bent rearward, it indicates the engine was supplying little or no power, but the blades were still turning.<span style="color: blue;"><b><u>[13]</u></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Indeed, the Electra itself had its propellers turned significantly forward when it crashed in March, 1937 at Luke Field in Hawaii, thus indicating the engines were under full power at the time the propellers impacted the runway.<span style="color: blue;"><b><u>[14]</u></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A Tachikawa Ki-54 recovered from Lake Towada in Japan has its propellers turned significantly rearward.<span style="color: blue;"><b><u>[15]</u></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Propeller of wrecked Tachikawa Ki-54 has propeller bent rearward.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">From the relatively pristine condition of the propeller blades in the wreck photo, we may infer that the significant damage sustained by this airplane, including most of the fuselage and cockpit having been ripped away from the engine, was not caused by a crash. Rather, the damage was caused subsequent to a landing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Perhaps the damage was caused on land by a storm, or, perhaps it was caused by the airplane having been heaved up violently to the place where it was found, just inshore from the beach, by an ocean swell. Another possibility is that the airplane was fired upon in an air assault. This could also explain how it could be so severely damaged and yet escape damage to its propeller.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">However, if the airplane in the photo was not attacked, it would seem that for it to sustain this kind of damage, without damage to the propellers, it must have been landed successfully and been abandoned by or lost from the control of its owner. If such an abandonment or loss of control occurred, this would seem to have been a very unusual event, highly atypical of most aircraft incidents or crashes. It is, however, exactly the scenario envisioned by TIGHAR for Earhart’s Electra.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Of Propellers and Their Hubs: Was the Airplane in the Photo a Tachikawa Ki-54?</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Both the Earhart Electra 10e and the Tachikawa Ki-54 used variable pitch, constant-speed, non-feathering propellers. The propellers on these two airplanes, however, have one very noticeable difference. Most photos of the Tachikawa show large propeller hubs covering the area in which the blades meet.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><u>[16]</u></b></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> The Earhart Electra 10e had no such massive propeller hub. The airplane in the wreck photo also has no such large propeller hub. Photos of wrecks of the Tachikawa show that these hubs can survive a crash, and should have remained mounted, if originally present, on the propellers in the wreck photo.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUe-ZE4prPAYgdEhLGV3lAxbn7-7tgPxkQl8suF6maoWgm_8AmqLIM2HILNTcUwvFsq6fbSi5MALas9Xsg3jbeE_WDmZCGF6RQgJBfiigCDF5lKAGPRoM_mw2fk64TgnDvFZEIFRApuik/s1600/Tachikawa9.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="231" data-original-width="928" height="79" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUe-ZE4prPAYgdEhLGV3lAxbn7-7tgPxkQl8suF6maoWgm_8AmqLIM2HILNTcUwvFsq6fbSi5MALas9Xsg3jbeE_WDmZCGF6RQgJBfiigCDF5lKAGPRoM_mw2fk64TgnDvFZEIFRApuik/s320/Tachikawa9.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photos of different models of the Japanese Tachikawa Ki-54 with propeller hubs in place.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>This photo of a wrecked Tachikawa Ki-54 shows one propeller hub is present and one is missing. The port engine has lost its propellers and its propeller hub. Both engines show significant compression damage around the cowling, indicative of violent impacts. The surviving propeller blades on the starboard engine are bent. <span style="color: blue;"><u>[17]</u></span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>This photo of the Electra 10e shows no propeller hub.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">All of this is not to imply that the wreck photo cannot possibly depict a Tachikawa Ki-54, or that it does depict an Electra 10e. What this re-analysis does imply, however, is that circumspection about the identity of the airplane in the photo is warranted.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Sick Trees: Could the Photo Have Been Taken on Nikumaroro?</i></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">While it would be impossible to know with certainty on which Pacific island the photo was taken, there would seem to be nothing about the photo that rules it out as having been taken on Nikumaroro. In fact, there is historical information about the colony on Nikumaroro that correlates very well with the photo itself.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />Most noticeable in the background of the wreck photo are the presence of several tattered and wasting coconut trees. Only a year after the photo was said to have been taken, several telegrams to the District Officer on Canton Island express concern regarding the condition of the coconut trees on Nikumaroro. These telegrams suggest ways of coping with the difficulty, including burning Buka groves in order to rid these areas of substances “poisonous for coconuts.”<span style="color: blue;"><b><u>[18]</u></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The problem of maintaining the health of the coconut trees on Nikumaroro appears to have been a perennial concern up until the time the colony was abandoned. As late as 1963, the Pacific Islands Monthly related how drought conditions had killed off many of the coconut trees of the colony, resulting in the necessity of the colony’s abandonment.<span style="color: blue;"><b><u>[19]</u></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Sick trees on Nikumaroro in 1963, similar to those seen in the wreck photo.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Was the Photo Taken on Agrighan?</i></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">In contrast to the difficulty of keeping the coconut palms disease-free on Nikumaroro, Agrighan Island appears during the 1940s to have thrived with healthy vegetation. Commander McAfee, in his report from the search for the lost crewman of a B-29 that crashed there, described a place that was seemingly ideal for agriculture, of all types:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">"Agrighan Island, although of volcanic origin, is covered for the most part by rich, black, loamy soil conducive to a heavy growth of vegetation and plant life. It is true that the greater portion of the coastline and a large section of the eastern half of the island is made up of sharp, jagged, lava rock in the form of caves, ledges and cliffs. But excluding these portions of the island, most any kind of vegetables or fruits could be produced to maintain many times the number of natives found there. There are areas on the southwestern, southern and southeastern part of the island that could easily be turned into pasture land for the maintenance of live stock (sic)."</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><u>[20]</u></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">No mention is made in McAfee’s report of the types of problems with dying coconut trees that appear to have very much troubled the Nikumaroro colony.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">If the wreck photo truly depicts a Tachikawa Ki-54 that crashed on Agrighan Island, none of the three aircraft that crashed on Agrighan fit that description.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">A B-29 was reported lost on the northeastern side of Agrighan on April 27, 1945</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: blue;"><u><b>[21]</b></u></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">and the Bureau of Aircraft Accident Archives (<a href="https://baaa-acro.com/" target="_blank">https://baaa-acro.com</a>) shows two aircraft accidents during the 1950s on Agrighan, occurring within days of one another.</span><span style="color: blue;"><u><b>[22]</b></u></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> On December 17, 1953, a Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer, conducting weather observations on Typhoon Doris, crashed somewhere off Agrighan. Three days later, a Douglas C-47 Skytrain (DC-3) took off from Andersen AFB on Guam in search of the lost crew. At some point, the airplane lost visual reckoning of its altitude, and crashed into the volcano in the center of Agrighan Island. All crew of both airplanes were lost, as was the crew of the B-29 despite a vigorous search for one member thought to have parachuted to safety.</span><span style="color: blue;"><u><b>[23]</b></u></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><u><b><br /></b></u></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">The B-29 was a four-engine bomber whose engines powered four-bladed propellers,</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><u><b>[24]</b></u></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"> easily distinguishable from the two-bladed propellers shown in the Wreck Photo. The Douglas C-47 Skytrain was powered by three-bladed propellers.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><u><b>[25]</b></u></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"> The Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer was also powered by three-bladed propellers.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><u><b>[26]</b></u></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"> None of the three recorded aircraft wrecks on Agrighan have been documented in recent archaeological surveys.</span><b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">[</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><u>27]</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"> It is, of course, not impossible that a Tachikawa Ki-54 crashed on Agrighan during World War II and was not documented, but one must needs ask what a Japanese aircraft on wartime patrol would be doing reconnoitering an island that was of limited strategic importance and that they already controlled. In 1945, Agrighan was inhabited by about 120 natives, who farmed a coconut plantation managed by four Japanese overseers.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><u><b>[28]</b></u></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Where is the Airplane?</i></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If Amelia Earhart’s Electra 10e really landed on Nikumaroro, was washed out to sea, then swept shoreward, in pieces large and small over the ensuing decades, as the colonists’ anecdotes, anecdotes from the U.S. Coast Guard, and, possibly, the wreck photo, all seem to imply, one may well ask: where are those pieces today?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />Even if many small Electra 10e pieces may have been collected by TIGHAR in its various expeditions to the island since 1989, and even if a large piece here and there were transported from Nikumaroro to other islands, such as to Canton in the 1970s<span style="color: blue;"><b><u>[29]</u></b></span>, this would still leave a large portion of the airplane, presumably waiting to be discovered in the scaevola of Nikumaroro or along the beach, intact.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />So far, however, no large engines or wings or cockpit have emerged from the many expeditions TIGHAR members have made to the island. No smaller pieces that were both easily and uniquely identifiable to the Electra 10e have been found.<span style="color: blue;"><b><u>[30]</u></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>The Missing Piece</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Even if all the anecdotes are true, and much of the photographic and artifactual evidence collected on Nikumaroro to date indicate an Electra 10e was once there, these cannot account for a complete Electra 10e. There is a missing piece in the puzzle, and that piece is likely to be more complex than simply a remnant of an airplane.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">According to Dr. Thomas King, there is much evidence in the old colonial village on Nikumaroro of colonists having been interested in quarrying aluminum for handicrafts and tools. He writes:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">“Lots of aluminum, all in small pieces, usually more or less rectangular, cut from larger pieces with tin snips or maybe a machete. Some pieces were in an area more or less between the houses—marked by the remains of a stone-lined platform—and the dense charcoal and bone deposit left by the cookhouse. With one of the aluminum pieces were pieces of pearl shell and a glass bead. It looked like someone at Manybarrels had been making handcrafts with aluminum decorations.”</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><u>[31]</u></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">On the other hand, this interest seems to have been greatly tempered and restrained by a kind of superstition that anything to do with the airplane was haunted and, thus, dangerous and forbidden. Tapania Taiki, daughter of the schoolmaster on Nikumaroro, who lived on Nikumaroro from the late 1950s to the early 1960s, stated in a 1997 interview:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">“The older people said they saw the skeletons of a man and a woman, one each. The elders said ‘Do not go to where the plane is, there are ghosts there.’ They were trying to scare us to keep us away from there.”</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><u>[32]</u></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It is difficult to imagine or explain the reasons behind this combined fascination with and prohibition against airplane wreckage that colonists reported having seen on the island. Nevertheless, no matter the motivations for doing so, the elder colonists appear to have processed and transmuted significant amounts of aircraft aluminum, and other pieces of equipment from some complex machinery, for their own purposes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">We see possible evidence of this transmutation in the debris of the old carpenter shop. There, the remains of an old workbench or storage cabinet is piled high with circular bearing sleeves, cables of various gauges, and metal tubes. Some of these items have been marked with orange and pink archaeological flagging tape from previous expeditions to the island.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>An Entirely Speculative Observation</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Could it be that the colonists had an interest in airplane wreckage that included more than simply tools and handcrafts? Quite apparently, at least a few were amply able to overcome their superstitions and fears at approaching what they saw. Were they attempting to reduce the amount of wreckage on the island in order to avoid too much disruptive inquisitiveness from outsiders as to whence this wreckage had come? If so, how much of this airplane wreckage the younger colonists reported having been warned against was reduced by the elders of the village to pieces too small to invite investigation by the island’s colonial administration or by the world beyond? Such speculation raises many questions. The passage of some 56 years since the colony was abandoned renders it unlikely that anyone now living can provide an answer that would neatly tie everything together.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We are left, however, with a few simple facts:</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ballard and his team searched the waters around Nikumaroro extensively to a depth of some 900 meters and to a distance more than a mile from shore. No obvious signs of an aircraft were spotted.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Pieces of aircraft wreckage were reported by colonists at various times near or on the northern part of the island.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">These reports were echoed by reports from two supply personnel for the U.S. Coast Guard station on the island.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A British seaman reported, and took a photo of, his 1946/1947 discovery of a radial aircraft engine and other pieces of obvious aircraft wreckage on what he took to be a deserted island in the Pacific.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If these reports or even some of them actually happened on Nikumaroro, then the best and perhaps the only place to look for what small remnants of Earhart’s Electra 10e might remain is in the land areas of the island where wreckage was reported, both in the village and on Nutiran.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Whither Bound?</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And the end of all our exploring</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Will be to arrive where we started</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And know the place for the first time.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">- T.S. Eliot</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In the final analysis, this essay should not be construed as an exhortation to revive old arguments, such as the one that swirled around the wreck photo 10, 20 and 30 years ago. It is highly doubtful the wreck photo can ever be definitively identified as a certain aircraft on a certain island.<span style="color: blue;"><b><u>[33]</u></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This essay <span class="s1"><span style="color: black;"><b>should</b></span></span> be construed as an exhortation to acknowledge that something different, perhaps very different, happened on the reef with the airplane than what those who have considered it have traditionally been willing to acknowledge.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">That acknowledgement for some could mean an airplane that was never on Nikumaroro. But for those who still consider the evidence, the acknowledgement might productively involve investigating new approaches (water-penetrating LIDAR, for example, if such a thing has existed, or will exist), and - perhaps - revisiting some old approaches, by way of some old, discarded evidence, such as devoting some of the resources in time and money to the village and Nutiran that have up to now been poured into the ocean.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Such an effort would not be wasted. We would learn much more than we do about the life ways of a hardy and indomitable people, the colonial village denizens of Nikumaroro. In the process, we might also find an artifact, or two, that tells us more about the fate of a hardy and indomitable explorer who unwittingly may have found herself unrescued on this beautiful but forbidding place the islanders called home.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Remains of the workbench or cabinet from the carpenter's workshop. Photos by Joe Cerniglia from the 2017 Nikumaroro expedition.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">=====================</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>I am indebted to Pacific historian Scott Russell for providing me with the U.S. Navy's 1945 report on the Agrighan search and rescue operation for the crashed B-29. </i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>This paper is dedicated to the memory of Lt. Col. Northrop, USAAF, missing flyer from the B-29 that crashed on Agrighan on the morning of 27 April, 1945.</i></span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: small;">Endnotes</span></div>
<div class="p4">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: blue; text-decoration-line: underline;">[1]</span><span style="color: black;"> </span></b></span><b></b><span style="font-size: small;">Feynman, Richard. “Seeking New Laws.” Cornell University: November 9, 1964, <a href="https://jamesclear.com/great-speeches/seeking-new-laws-by-richard-feynman">https://jamesclear.com/great-speeches/seeking-new-laws-by-richard-feynman</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[2]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>King, Thomas F., (2012). Amelia Earhart on Nikumaroro: A Summary of the Evidence. <i>Pacific Studies, Volume 35(3)</i>, pp.15-16. <span class="s1"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/9015080/Amelia_Earhart_on_Nikumaroro_A_Summary_of_the_Evidence">https://www.academia.edu/9015080/Amelia_Earhart_on_Nikumaroro_A_Summary_of_the_Evidence</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[3]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>For a through treatment of the “float-away” hypothesis, see Meeds, Sherman. <span class="s1"><span style="color: black;"><u>No Place to Put a Stone: An Analysis of the Facts Concerning the Disappearance of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan</u></span></span>. Author: 2012, p. 222.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[4]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>The idea of an Electra 10e pulverized into very small pieces on the reef found favor with the late geologist Howard Allred, who is cited in: King, Thomas F., (2010). Why I Don’t Think We’ll Find the Airplane-And Why I Don’t Think It Matters. <span class="s1"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/40709953/Why_I_Dont_Think_Well_Find_the_Airplane_-And_Why_I_Dont_Think_It_Matters">https://www.academia.edu/40709953/Why_I_Dont_Think_Well_Find_the_Airplane_-And_Why_I_Dont_Think_It_Matters</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Accessed 1 November, 2019.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[5]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>Feynman, Richard. “Seeking New Laws.” Cornell University: November 9, 1964, <span class="s1"><a href="https://jamesclear.com/great-speeches/seeking-new-laws-by-richard-feynman">https://jamesclear.com/great-speeches/seeking-new-laws-by-richard-feynman</a></span></span></div>
<div class="p4">
<span style="font-size: small;">Accessed 1 September, 2019.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[6]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>Additional artifact updates from trips to Nikumaroro in 2015 and 2017 are forthcoming.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[7]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>Sikuli, Emily. Interview by Richard Gillespie, TIGHAR. 27 July, 1999, <span class="s1"><a href="https://tighar.org/Publications/TTracks/15_1/interviews2.html">https://tighar.org/Publications/TTracks/15_1/interviews2.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Accessed 1 September, 2019.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[8]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Songivalu, Pulekai. Interview by Kenton Spading and Richard Gillespie, TIGHAR. 22 March, 1997, TIGHAR Tracks, Vol. 13, #1, pp. 9-10.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[9]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>Ibid., p. 11.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[10]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>TIGHAR Tracks, Vol 11, #3, pp. 12-13.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[11]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span><span style="color: black;">TIGHAR Tracks, Vol 13, #1/2, p. 14. </span></span><a href="https://www.tighar.org/Publications/TTracks/13_1/wreckphoto.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-size: small;">https://www.tighar.org/Publications/TTracks/13_1/wreckphoto.html</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Accessed 2 November, 2019.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[12]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>TIGHAR Earhart Project Research Bulletin. “The Wreck Photo Resolved.” <span class="s1"><a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Research/Bulletins/55_WreckPhotoResolved/55_WreckPhotoResolved.htm">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Research/Bulletins/55_WreckPhotoResolved/55_WreckPhotoResolved.htm</a></span>. 13 November, 2009. Accessed 2 November, 2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[13]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>Handbook for Aircraft Accident Investigators. (U.S. Naval Aviation Center, 1961), p. 34.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[14]</u><span style="color: black;"> Getty Images, </span><a href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/amelia-earhart-inspects-her-damaged-lockheed-electra-10e-at-news-photo/615316162" target="_blank">https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/amelia-earhart-inspects-her-damaged-lockheed-electra-10e-at-news-photo/615316162</a><span style="color: black;">.</span><span style="color: #e4af0a;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Accessed 2 September, 2019.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[15]</u><span style="color: black;"> ww2aircraft.net:</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><a href="https://ww2aircraft.net/forum/threads/a-tachikawa-ki-54-has-been-recovered.34078/" target="_blank">https://ww2aircraft.net/forum/threads/a-tachikawa-ki-54-has-been-recovered.34078/</a> </span>Accessed 2 November, 2019.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[16]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>ww2aircraft.net: Skaarup, Harold A. Japanese Warplanes of the Second World War. <a href="http://silverhawkauthor.com/japanese-warplanes-of-the-second-world-war-nakajima-to-yokosuka_491.html" target="_blank">http://silverhawkauthor.com/japanese-warplanes-of-the-second-world-war-nakajima-to-yokosuka_491.html</a>. Accessed 2 September, 2019.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[17]</u><span style="color: black;"> World War Photos. <a href="https://www.worldwarphotos.info/gallery/japan/aircrafts/ki-54/wreck-ki-54/" target="_blank">https://www.worldwarphotos.info/gallery/japan/aircrafts/ki-54/wreck-ki-54/</a></span></span></div>
<div class="p4">
<span style="font-size: small;">Accessed 2 September, 2019.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[18]</u><span style="color: black;"> TIGHAR website, <a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Tarawa_Archives/1940_AgDevelopment/1940_AgDevelopment.html" target="_blank">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Tarawa_Archives/1940_AgDevelopment/1940_AgDevelopment.html</a></span><span style="color: black;">. </span><span style="color: black;">Accessed 1 September, 2019.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="p4">
<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[19]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>Drought Means a New Start for Islanders. (1963, June). <i>Pacific Islands Monthly</i>, p. 28, Volume 33, No. 11. Retrieved from <a href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-324736548/view?partld=nla.obj-324784061#page/n28/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-324736548/view?partld=nla.obj-324784061#page/n28/mode/1up</a>. Accessed 2 November, 2019.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[20]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>McAfee, Robert, Commander, USNR. May 7, 1945. <i>Report by U.S.S. Currier on Agrighan Island Search and Rescue Operation</i> (Report DE 700-TE/A16-3 Serial 001), p. 3. Received by Fleet Post Office, San Francisco, CA.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[21]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>McAfee, <i>Report by U.S.S. Currier on Agrighan Island Search and Rescue Operation</i>. p. 1.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="p4">
<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[22]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>Hubert, Ronan. B3A: The Bureau of Air Accident Archives, <a href="https://www.baaa-acro.com/search-results?combine=Agrihan" target="_blank">https://www.baaa-acro.com/search-results?combine=Agrihan</a>. Accessed 2 September, 2019.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[23]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>McAfee, <i>Report by U.S.S. Currier on Agrighan Island Search and Rescue Operation</i>. p. 3.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="p4">
<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[24]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>United States Air Force Museum of Aviation History. B-29 “Superfortress.” <a href="https://www.museumofaviation.org/portfolio/b-29-super-fortress/" target="_blank">https://www.museumofaviation.org/portfolio/b-29-super-fortress/</a>. Accessed 27 October, 2019.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="p4">
<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[25]</u><span style="color: black;"> National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (2015). C-47. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/multimedia/graphics/EG-0016-01.html" target="_blank">https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/multimedia/graphics/EG-0016-01.html</a></span></span><br />
Accessed 2 November, 2019.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[26]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>Baer, Dennis (2008). Aviation History Online Museum. Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer. <a href="http://www.aviation-history.com/consolidated/pb4y.html" target="_blank">http://www.aviation-history.com/consolidated/pb4y.html</a>. Accessed 27 October 2019.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[27]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>King, Thomas. “Re: The engine on the reef.” Message to Joe Cerniglia. 8 September, 2019. E-mail.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[28]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>McAfee, <i>Report by U.S.S. Currier on Agrighan Island Search and Rescue Operation</i>. p. 4.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[29]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>Bruce Yoho stated that while visiting an island in the Phoenix Group in 1970 he spotted a single-row radial engine on its reef. He persuaded his helicopter pilot to fly the engine as a “sling load” back to his base on Canton. While other servicemen remembered the “engine in the shop” while on Canton, and were able to offer various opinions on what the model of the engine may have been, none remember recovering the engine from another island. The story lacks corroborative documentary evidence and supporting anecdotes. It is mentioned here only because it could, if true, help explain why nothing so obvious as a large radial engine has been found on Nikumaroro. It would, however, require the assembly of an intricate timeline or rationale to explain why, if the engine was from Nikumaroro, no colonists reported seeing such a thing, either. The story does, however, eerily correlate with the 1946-47 wreck photo, which depicts a single radial engine, and which also leaves unanswered the question of why such an engine, if from Nikumaroro, went unreported. </span></div>
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<div class="p2">
<span style="font-size: small;">See Thomas F. King, Randall S. Jacobson, Karen Ramey Burns, Kenton Spading. <span class="s1"><span style="color: black;"><u>Amelia Earhart’s Shoes: Is the Mystery Solved?</u></span></span> Lanham, MD: Altamira Press, 2001, p. 196. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Special thanks are owed to Arthur Rypinski for his research interviewing Bruce Yoho and other servicemen who served in the U.S. Air Force on Canton in the 1970s.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Rypinski, Arthur. (2003). Lost Engines of the Pacific: The Canton Island Mysteries. Presentation to Earhart Project Advisory Group, Wilmington, Delaware, August 16, 2003.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[30]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>Hundreds of suggestive artifacts were found all over the island, however. See <a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Archives.html" target="_blank">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Archives.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[31]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>King, et al. <span class="s1"><span style="color: black;"><u>Amelia Earhart’s Shoes</u></span></span>. p. 173.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[32]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>TIGHAR Tracks, Vol 13, #1, p. 11.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[33]</u><span style="color: black;"> </span>The wreck photo was, however, considered very seriously as a possible Electra 10e for a number of years. See</span></div>
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<span class="s1"><a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Research/Bulletins/02_Wreckphoto.html"><span style="font-size: small;">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Research/Bulletins/02_Wreckphoto.html</span></a></span></div>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://tighar.org/Publications/TTracks/14_1/Wreck_Photo.html">https://tighar.org/Publications/TTracks/14_1/Wreck_Photo.html</a></span></span></div>
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</style>Joe Cernigliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17410570808333784643noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-21912407865718682072019-01-22T07:24:00.000-08:002022-03-23T04:28:57.087-07:00Lost Norwich City Crewmen: Potential Sources of the Human Remains Discovered on Gardner Island (now Nikumaroro Island) in 1940<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">By Kenton Spading</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Earhart-Noonan Researcher</span></h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip0vXLQ-j4ZXrmJOxVkKDZpBaYTzX7XITO3nBlMdTWPaY22Mvb1JPm2jtOMO8tGQ35l5TzRDzp6f7bgjiOAZbllKoWTbkKfGI0K5pUoFkSx0byR6ovwwTGWZoQjs_7RMft6Szdm745zvg/s1600/NorwichCity_UnderSteam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="256" data-original-width="640" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip0vXLQ-j4ZXrmJOxVkKDZpBaYTzX7XITO3nBlMdTWPaY22Mvb1JPm2jtOMO8tGQ35l5TzRDzp6f7bgjiOAZbllKoWTbkKfGI0K5pUoFkSx0byR6ovwwTGWZoQjs_7RMft6Szdm745zvg/s400/NorwichCity_UnderSteam.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Photo by Jane Powell</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><i>Tom King's Preface: NIBBLING AT NIKUMARORO’S NULL HYPOTHESIS</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>As used in statistics, a “null hypothesis” is the proposition that there’s no relationship between two variables. In the more forgiving vernacular of the social sciences and humanities, the term is often used to mean simply that the hypothesis we’re testing is not correct. Since we hypothesize that Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan landed and died on Nikumaroro, the null hypothesis is that they didn’t.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>A fundamental part of the scientific method is to determine with as much rigor as possible whether the null hypothesis is correct. Ideally – and however little fun it may be – one should try very hard to find evidence that <u>confirms</u> the null hypothesis. If you can’t find it, then with a degree of confidence you can reject the null hypothesis and say that, yes, in all probability your preferred hypothesis <u>is</u> correct.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>In the paper that follows, Kenton Spading explores a body of historical evidence that may su</i>p<i>port the Nikumaroro null hypothesis with reference to the human bones and artifacts reportedly found there in 1940. In simple terms, Spading asks himself, and the data: “If the null hypothesis is correct, and the bones and artifacts do not represent Earhart or Noonan, whose were they?”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>An important possibility is offered by the missing crewmen of the SS Norwich City, most of them Yemeni, lost on Nikumaroro’s northwest shore (Nutiran) in 1929. The Norwich City wreck site is about four miles away from the site where the 1940 bones and artifacts were found, at the opposite end of the island, but at least two ways to account for this spring readily to mind:</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>1. A crew member, thrown off the exploding freighter or abandoning ship, is swept by the storm through Tatiman Passage into the lagoon, and down to its far southeast end. Perhaps he’s unconscious, or disoriented, but if so he comes to and staggers inland, up to the crest of the surge ridge we now call the Seven Site, and there expires – perhaps after living for a time on the local fish, birds, and turtles. His body is then dismembered and its bones scattered by crabs, rats, and birds.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i></i><i></i><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>2. A disaffected crew member takes advantage of the opportunity afforded by the shipwreck to get ashore and hightail it. Avoiding detection by his shipmates, he walks to the far end of the island and camps, lying low while the other survivors are rescued. Belatedly realizing that the island lacks water, he eventually succumbs, and is taken apart by the local fauna.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>I feel another novel coming on.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>I don’t personally much like the Nikumaroro null hypothesis. It’s messy, and it doesn’t easily account for much of our Seven Site archaeological evidence – the </i><a href="https://ameliaearhartarchaeology.blogspot.com/2012/09/artifacts-of-seven-site-compact.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">compact</span></a><i>, the </i><a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Expeditions/NikuV/Analysis_and_Reports/Zipper/Zipper.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">zipper pull</span></a><i>, the </i><a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Research/ResearchPapers/freckleintime/FreckleInTime.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">freckle crème jar</span></a><i style="font-weight: bold;">,</i><i> and so on. Our working hypothesis that the Seven Site represents Earhart’s campsite is more elegant than the null; it doesn’t require us to challenge the immortal words of William of Occam, that “plurality should not be posited without necessity” </i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(<a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Occams-razor" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Occam's razor</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">). </span><i style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">But, as physicist Richard Muller has recently noted in a very different context: “Occam’s razor is often a poor guide to truth” (Muller 2016:140).</i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>I think Kenton Spading has done us all a service by gathering and organizing a plethora of data bearing on the Nikumaroro null hypothesis, on which we can productively chew for quite some time. -TFK</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>Reference</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>Muller, Richard A. <u>Now: The Physics of Time</u>. New York: Norton, 2016.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i><b>Introduction</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In 1940, human bones were reportedly found near the southeast end of Nikumaroro Atoll </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh_pLer5xdkq3FXeRYlAcZPF5kCoxwMiYfTSoSfan6USsKi109LtfXuYUMTKeMiFBA1eRj8NDJUEb83XRvD-hxj96tFR8ISBZYMklAzUFAEHCXQhyphenhyphenoE2pYgTu26FUtAD-oUwRwvuC7Wzg/s1600/Fig01_Niku_Map_Bulletin25.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="772" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh_pLer5xdkq3FXeRYlAcZPF5kCoxwMiYfTSoSfan6USsKi109LtfXuYUMTKeMiFBA1eRj8NDJUEb83XRvD-hxj96tFR8ISBZYMklAzUFAEHCXQhyphenhyphenoE2pYgTu26FUtAD-oUwRwvuC7Wzg/s400/Fig01_Niku_Map_Bulletin25.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Figure #1: Nikumaroro</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #212121;">Map from The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery, Earhart Project Research Bulletin No. 25, Gallagher of Nikumaroro, The Last Expansion of the British Empire, Thomas F. King, Ph.D., August 1, 2000</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">in the Phoenix Islands. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbXMdj2CcaARFPnNrHvjFTLI8_qQC5Gq6qpeb1lLyOUQtPOB_OqgEuknLAJ2CVHtLQcoms6N1WSA3aozhiFKymel7eRH71_gs8wfjs9Sw2nz-sG8c9JDDkkxtv3Y_l21dpYT0aXE87ZOo/s1600/Fig02_Niku+in+the+Paific+map_Use.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="725" data-original-width="800" height="361" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbXMdj2CcaARFPnNrHvjFTLI8_qQC5Gq6qpeb1lLyOUQtPOB_OqgEuknLAJ2CVHtLQcoms6N1WSA3aozhiFKymel7eRH71_gs8wfjs9Sw2nz-sG8c9JDDkkxtv3Y_l21dpYT0aXE87ZOo/s400/Fig02_Niku+in+the+Paific+map_Use.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Figure #2: The Phoenix Islands</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #212121;">Map from The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery, Finding the Plane, Niku VII Daily Reports, Expedition Purpose & Objective, 2012</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For a variety of reasons summarized elsewhere (TIGHAR.org, King 2012, 2018, Jantz 2018, Gillespie 2018) these bones are suspected to be those of Amelia Earhart.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The purpose of this paper is to compile and summarize the available data pertaining to the 1940 discovery, with reference to a possible source of the bones </span><u style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">other</u><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> than Earhart – the crewmen lost when the SS </span><i style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Norwich City</i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> grounded and exploded on the island’s northwest reef in 1929</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwo_9QxUspAEqfuuMtGrYIUtFzQzwqO6ZU47JWiEsHMI3JdB5v-s58yupptopbtWryMKVNveqk-xaXKgKTFaTM5H0oJqsfEyDHcCJCDf_vR0bMEG-_Y2tmVWF505k8P-UFkFE46vc9TpQ/s1600/Fig03_NorwichCityBow+on+Reef.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="386" data-original-width="619" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwo_9QxUspAEqfuuMtGrYIUtFzQzwqO6ZU47JWiEsHMI3JdB5v-s58yupptopbtWryMKVNveqk-xaXKgKTFaTM5H0oJqsfEyDHcCJCDf_vR0bMEG-_Y2tmVWF505k8P-UFkFE46vc9TpQ/s400/Fig03_NorwichCityBow+on+Reef.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #1: SS <i>Norwich City</i> aground on Nutiran beach on Nikumaroro in 1938</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Photo by</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #212121;">Wigram Air Force Base Archives, Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF)</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSZpw66coNBiyzzRgqukoj-7spXuNCTClgo3s7uSCzKg5POcWtBP6JtBxyHC8K8PGt2H1gi8rV4PxdkLfMRhTIa3qr8-zc3DEZV5DJ6eiEOBixpnXpoDgeyVi5Ay9ZuDCZN_pEpo0jHuU/s1600/Fig04_NorwichCity_AerObliq.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="344" data-original-width="800" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSZpw66coNBiyzzRgqukoj-7spXuNCTClgo3s7uSCzKg5POcWtBP6JtBxyHC8K8PGt2H1gi8rV4PxdkLfMRhTIa3qr8-zc3DEZV5DJ6eiEOBixpnXpoDgeyVi5Ay9ZuDCZN_pEpo0jHuU/s400/Fig04_NorwichCity_AerObliq.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #2: SS <i>Norwich City</i> aground on Nutiran beach on Nikumaroro in 1942</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i><b>The 1940 Bones Discovery</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Nikumaroro, then known as Gardner Island or Kemin’s Island, was inhabited in the 1890s during an effort by John T. Arundel to operate a coconut plantation there. When the <i>Norwich City </i>ran aground in November 1929, however, the island had been uninhabited since approximately the mid-1890s. It remained uninhabited until December 1938.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">From October 13 to October 15, 1937, a British Western Pacific High Commission (WPHC) party explored the island with the intent of assessing its suitability for colonization as a component of the Phoenix Island Settlement Scheme (PISS). One of the colonial officers involved in this assessment visit, Eric Bevington, wrote in his journal that he saw “signs of previous habitation.” In 1992 he stated that it looked “like someone had bivouacked” (camped) on the island.<span style="color: blue;"><b>[</b><span class="s1"><b><span style="color: blue;">1</span></b></span><b>]</b></span> His colleague Harry Maude opined that this site represented debris left by Arundel’s workers.<span style="color: blue;"><b>[</b><span class="s1"><b><span style="color: blue;">2</span></b></span><b>]</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">On December 20, 1938, a second WPHC expedition, which included Mr. Maude and Cadet Officer Gerald Gallagher dropped off the first Gilbertese <span style="color: blue;"><b>[</b><span class="s1"><b><span style="color: blue;">3</span></b></span></span><b><span style="color: blue;">]</span> </b>colonists on the island (a ten-man working party under government contract). On December 22, Maude and Gallagher departed to deposit workers on other islands in the Phoenix Group. The Nikumaroro (aka Gardner) colonists began preparing a village and coconut plantation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">In April 1940, while clearing land, the colonists discovered a human cranium and buried it. In early September 1940 Gallagher returned to Nikumaroro to set up his headquarters as the WPHC Acting Officer in Charge of the PISS. The colonists informed him that a human skull had been found and buried. Gallagher stated it was found “on the Southeast end of the island about 100 feet above [the] ordinary high water springs.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Gallagher visited the site, and in a “thorough search” he recovered more bones and various artifacts. He excavated the buried cranium, and all the bones and artifacts were eventually shipped to the WPHC headquarters in Fiji. His notes and those of Dr. Kingsley Rupert Steenson, senior medical officer, Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony in Fiji, can be summarized as follows <span style="color: blue;"><b>[</b><span class="s1"><b><span style="color: blue;">4</span></b></span><b>][</b><span class="s1"><b><span style="color: blue;">5</span></b></span><b>]</b></span>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">1. A total of 13 bones were found “lying under a 'ren' tree.” These included the cranium, which had been found and buried before Gallagher arrived in September 1940. “Ren” is the I-Kiribati (Gilbertese) word for <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliotropium_foertherianum" target="_blank">Heliotropium foertherianum</a></i>, formerly (until 2003 ) known as <i>Tournefortia argentea.</i></span><span style="font-size: small;"><b style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[<u>6</u></b><b style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">]</b></span><i style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>2. </i>“Remains of [a] fire, turtle and dead birds” were also noted.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">3. “Part of” [a shoe] “sole” [that] “appears to have been a stoutish waking shoe or heavy sandal” was found, along with a Benedictine bottle “alleged to have been found near [the] skull.” During later discussions of artifacts found with the bones, Dr. Kingsley R. Steenson in Fiji mentioned “corks on brass chains [that] would appear to have belonged to a small cask.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">4. “[A] sextant box [with] two numbers on it 3500 (stenciled) and 1542” was located, but “……no sextant was found. Only part discovered was thrown away by finder but was probably part of an inverting eyepiece.”</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><i>Dr. Hoodless Examines the Bones</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gallagher shipped the bones and artifacts from Nikumaroro to the WPHC headquarters in Fiji. There the bones were examined and measured by Dr. D.W. Hoodless, principal of the Central Medical School. The bones, along with all the artifacts collected at the time, were subsequently lost, but Dr. Hoodless' notes have survived, including the measurements and methods he used to estimate the sex, age and stature of the individual whom the bones represented.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dr. Hoodless estimated the height of the individual using Karl Pearson's formula for stature <b style="color: blue;">[<u>7</u>]</b> to be 5'5.5". Pearson's 1898 formula was based on Manouvrier's French sample, consisting of only 50 individuals of each sex. These were individuals whose birth years would likely have been in the early 19th century and who were substantially shorter than modern Americans or even Americans of the late 19th century. Various sources state that subsequent analyses have shown Pearson's formula to underestimate actual stature.<span style="color: blue;"><b>[<u>8</u>]</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dr. Hoodless arrived at the estimated height by averaging height extrapolations from the three long bones recovered, namely the humerus, radius and tibia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Richard Jantz, professor emeritus of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville and Earhart-Noonan researcher Joe Cerniglia have discovered errors in Hoodless' analysis. These analyses, although worthwhile to note, do not significantly alter Hoodless' height estimate. A further explanation of these errors by Cerniglia may be detailed in a forthcoming report on this blog.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hoodless opined: "It may be definitely stated that the skeleton is that of a MALE." [emphasis in the original] "...it is probably not that of a pure South Sea Islander - Micronesian or Polynesian. It could be that of a short, stocky, muscular European, or even a half-caste, or person of mixed European descent."</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><i>Re-analysis of the Hoodless Measurements</i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">In 1998 the late Karen Burns and Richard Jantz employed the discriminant function program FORDISC 2.0</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b style="color: blue;">[<u>9</u></b><b style="color: blue;">]</b></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> to analyze Hoodless’ cranial/skull measurements to estimate the castaway’s race and sex.</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b style="color: blue;">[<u>10</u></b><b style="color: blue;">]</b></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">They concluded the skull was more likely European than Polynesian, although it could not be excluded from any population. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The FORDISC analysis indicated the individual was most likely female, but the level of certainty was very low (.65/.35).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">In the same paper Burns and Jantz estimated stature/height by employing formulae derived from a modern sample (Ousley 1995) in the forensic anthropology data bank at the University of Tennessee. This analysis determined that the “best estimate” for the individual’s height is:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">If female:<span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>ca. 5'6.1" to 5'7.6"</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">If male:<span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>ca. 5'8.0" to 5'8.4"</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Confidence Interval (male and female):<span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>ca. 5'4" to 5'10"</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">These estimates were updated in December 2018 as discussed below.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Burns and Jantz noted that Amelia Earhart gave her height as 5'8"; however, there are indications that she was closer to 5'7". A regression analysis of bone length from stature for women of 5'8" and 5'7" indicated that the 1941 bones fit Amelia Earhart’s stature very well.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The paper concluded that it is “impossible to know whether the bones inspected by Dr. Hoodless in 1941 were in fact those of a white female and if anything even less possible to be sure that they were those of Amelia Earhart.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">In 2015, Pamela Cross and Richard Wright published a challenge to the Burns, Jantz et al. analysis</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><b style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[<u>11</u></b><b style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">]</b></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> In brief, Cross and Wright argue that: “A critical review of both investigations and contextual evidence shows that the original [Hoodless] osteological analyses [Pearson’s formulae] were made by experienced, reliable professionals, while the cranial [FORDISC] analysis is unreliable given the available data. Without access to the missing original bones, it is impossible to be definitive, but on balance, the most robust scientific analysis and conclusions are those of the original [Hoodless] finding indicating that the Nikumaroro bones belonged to a robust, middle-aged man, not Amelia Earhart. Hoodless’s methods were sound and therefore his [male] sex estimate was likely correct.”</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">In February 2018, Dr. Jantz published a response to Cross and Wright, including a detailed re-analysis of the Hoodless measurements employing FORDISC 3.1 and other data. The first part of Dr. Jantz’s paper, which examined “the methods Hoodless used and which were so vigorously defended by Cross and Wright,” stated:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">“Cross and Wright (2015) argue that Pearson’s formulae are still in use today. I am not aware of any contemporary forensic anthropologist that uses Pearson’s formulae. By any reasonable standard, the height of 65.5 inches (5'5.5") presented by Hoodless and supported by Cross and Wright must be considered an underestimate. I will also show [in this Feb. 2018 paper] that estimating sex from the half subpubic angle supported by Cross/Wright is by no means foolproof.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The second part of the paper reconstructed Amelia Earhart’s “height, weight, body build and limb lengths and proportions” to “allow explicit evaluation of the bones found in 1941 against Earhart to determine whether or not she can be excluded or included.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The paper noted that the estimated lengths in millimeters of Earhart’s humerus (321.1), radius (243.7) and tibia (372) are very close to the corresponding castaway’s bones measured by Hoodless (325, 245, and 372).</span><b style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[<u>12</u></b><b style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">]</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Earhart’s estimated bone lengths were compared with the 2,776 individuals in the FORDISC 3.1 database. Her ranking numbers were converted to likelihood ratios as described by Gardner and Greiner (2006), resulting in ratios ranging from 84 to 154. Those likelihood ratios, quoting the paper, “would not qualify as a positive identification by the criteria of modern forensic practice where likelihoods are often millions or more.” However, the paper stated they do qualify as a “preponderance of evidence” and “if the bones do not belong to Amelia Earhart, then they are from someone very similar to her.”<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Jantz noted certain caveats, however:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">“It should be mentioned that a sample of Micronesian or Polynesian bone measurements was unavailable to test against the Nikumaroro bones. I consider it highly unlikely that inclusion of such a sample would have changed anything. As Figure 3 [in the original paper] shows, the Nikumaroro bones are more similar to Euro-Americans than they are Micronesians or Polynesians, which suggests they would produce even fewer nearest neighbors.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">“[In the case of the Nikumaroro bones] it is impossible to test any other hypothesis, because <i><b>except for the victims of the Norwich City wreck, about whom we have no data</b>,</i> no other specific missing persons have been reported. It is not enough merely to say that the remains are most likely those of a stocky male without specifying who this stocky male might have been” (emphasis added).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">As discussed below, some data <b><u>are</u></b> now available regarding the <i>Norwich City</i> wreck victims.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The <i>Normanby, </i>later renamed <i>Norwich City,</i> was christened and launched on July 12, 1911, by the British shipbuilding company William Gray and Company of West Hartlepool, England. She was assigned yard number 792. She was registered out of London by the London and Northern Steamship Company as ship number 132596. The 397-foot bulk carrier had a beam of 53 feet 5.5 inches.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The London and Northern certificate was cancelled on April 24, 1919, when the ship was re-registered at Bideford, England to the St. Just Steamship Company, Limited. Sir Reardon Smith Lines, Limited was assigned to manage the vessel.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">On July 2, 1928, nine years to the day before Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan disappeared in 1937, St. Just was absorbed into the Sir Reardon Smith Lines, Limited. </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">After William Reardon Smith started managing the vessel, her name was changed to the </span><i style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Norwich City</i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> by the Board of Trade (minutes No. 2544).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The <i>Norwich City</i> departed the Australian City of Melbourne, in the state of Victoria, with a crew of four (4) officers and thirty-one (31) crewmen (35 total) bound for the City of Vancouver in the Canadian province of British Columbia. She was scheduled to lay over in the City of Honolulu within the United States territory of Hawaii. At approximately the halfway point en route to Honolulu, she encountered a cyclonic weather disturbance with powerful westerly winds and heavy seas. Strong currents threw the ship off its course. Shortly after 11:00 p.m. on the night of November 29, 1929, while facing torrential rain, high winds, and heavy seas, the <i>Norwich City</i> ran aground on Nikumaroro’s fringing reef. She ended up hard aground north of what would later come to be known as Tatiman (pronounced “TASS-i-mun“) passage, the main inlet to the atoll’s lagoon.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Captain Daniel Hamer had the bridge watch when the <i>Norwich City</i> grounded. He gave the order to don life jackets and prepare the lifeboats. After three hours, radio contact was made with Apia, Western Samoa. Apia Radio attempted to contact vessels in the vicinity of Nikumaroro, but none could be located closer than 850 miles from the atoll. At 4:00 a.m. smoke was streaming from the engine room. The wireless operator reported the fire to Apia. After lowering the starboard boat to the gunwale, Captain Hamer and the chief officer went to the port boat to lower it. At this point a wave slammed into the weather side of the ship carrying the lifeboat away. Captain Hamer was thrown into the sea 40 feet below and given up for lost although he in fact survived and struggled ashore. Chief Officer Thomas was swept inboard but was not seriously injured. At 5:15 a.m., Thomas ordered the starboard lifeboat lowered, which contained the remaining crew. When they let go the lines, the lifeboat was swept away aft and capsized by waves. All of the men were now in the water at the mercy of the seas. The men were repeatedly swept onto the island’s reef and then back out to sea.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Twenty-four of the <i>Norwich City</i> crew members, including Captain Hamer and First Officer Thomas, made it to shore and were later rescued. <b>Exhibit 1</b> lists their names and titles, extracted from newspaper accounts.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Eleven crewmen were lost, identified as John James Leslie, John Thomas Jones, James William Horne, Thomas Edward Scott, Francis Sumner, Redman Yousef, Saleh Ragee, Said Metanna, Ayed Naif, Ahmed Hassan, and Ali Hassan. All of these were listed in the official records as "deceased, <i>Norwich City</i>."</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Three of the eleven lost sailors’ bodies were recovered and buried on Nikumaroro by the survivors. Two of them were identified in various reports as Mr. Leslie and Mr. Jones; the latter stumbled ashore, collapsed and could not be revived. The third man buried was one of the six Arab crewman listed in <b>Table 1</b>;<b> </b>his name is to date unknown.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Table #1: SS <i>Norwich City</i> Crew Members who Perished after the Shipwreck on Gardner Island, November 29, 1929</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">1. Source of Name, Sex and Age: Public Record Office (PRO), Kew, England, B334/89 92813, “Deaths at Sea 1929-1932.”Saleh’s birthdate on his CR1+CR2 is 1892 (age 37). See <b>Exhibit 2</b>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">2. Source of Height, Eye and Hair Color, Date of Birth, Place of Birth: PRO, Kew, Eng., BT 348/349/350/364, “Central Index Register (CR) of Seaman, 1918-1941.” See <b>Exhibits 3 and 4.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">3. The search for CR cards, in particular CR1 and/or CR10 cards listing height, for Horne, Naif, Ahmed Hassan, Ali Hassan and for good measure Leslie, who was buried, is ongoing. Yousef's CR1 height data field is blank. For Yousef, and the others, the search for additional records, such as CR10, crew agreements and lists, is ongoing.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">4. In addition to Leslie and Jones, one of the six Arabs listed in this table was buried on the beach on Gardner Island. Jones' birthdate, height, eye color and hair color were obtained from a CR10 card.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">5. A Welsh newspaper listed the address for the 6 Arabs as: 132 Commercial Rd, South Fields, which is perhaps a boarding house.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">In summary, eleven men were killed in the wreck of the <i>Norwich City</i>. Three bodies were recovered and buried near the wreck site – i.e. on the northwest shore of the island about four miles from the location at the southeast end where bones were subsequently found. The remaining eight men were all missing and presumed dead.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>After the Wreck: Reports of Bones on Nikumaroro</i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">In addition to the officially reported 1940 discovery and recovery of the thirteen human bones, human bones were reported on the island on several occasions after the </span><span style="color: #454545; text-align: center;"><i>Norwich City</i></span><span style="color: #454545; text-align: center;"> wreck </span></span><b style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[<u>13</u></b><b style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">]</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: center;">:</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue;">1938, USCG Taney</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The U.S. Coast Guard Cutter <i>Roger B. Taney</i> visited Hull Island in the Phoenix Group (now Orona) in 1938.</span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "helvetica neue"; font-size: small;"><b style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[<u>14</u></b><b style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">] </b></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Captain J.W. Jones lived on the island as a coconut plantation manager for Messrs. Burns, Philp, (South Sea) Company Limited. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The following passage is from the report written by the U.S. Department of Interior representative aboard the </span><i style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Taney</i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">"Mr. Jones told us of the wreck of the <i>Norwich City</i> on Gardner Island. She struck in 1919 [sic: 1929], and the [ship] <i>Makoa</i> saw her [<i>Norwich City</i>] recently and stated there was much good material aboard her such as anchors, winches, etc. The bodies of nine [sic] men lost in the wreck, drowned or killed by sharks (he said) were buried ashore, but wild pigs dug them up and their skeletons now lie on the beach. The survivors were taken off the island."</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="text-align: center;"><b>Author Notes</b>:</span><span style="text-align: center;"> <i>The </i></span><i><span style="text-align: center;">Norwich City</span><span style="text-align: center;"> wreck is on the end of the island opposite to the “South East [sic] corner” where Gallagher describes recovering human bones in 1940. Jones is quoted as saying that someone aboard </span><span style="text-align: center;">Makoa</span><span style="text-align: center;"> saw human bones on the beach, presumably near the </span><span style="text-align: center;">Norwich City</span><span style="text-align: center;"> wreck. Note the similar references below by Bauro Tikana and Emily (Segalo) Sikuli. There is no historical record of wild pigs living on Nikumaroro prior to its settlement as part of the PISS in 1938-39; Jones’ description of the bodies having been excavated by wild pigs appears to be conjecture. Erosion is the more likely culprit followed by the scattering of the bones by coconut crabs.</span></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: center;">1941, Dr. Kingsley Rupert Steenson</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Dr. Steenson, senior medical officer, examined the bones and artifacts after they were delivered to Suva, Fiji. In addition to his aforementioned reference to “corks on brass chains,” he noted in the official file: “they appear to be parts of shoes worn by a male person and a female person.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Author Notes: </b><i>Dr. Steenson is suggesting the castaway site contained two different pairs of shoes demarcated by gender. This is suggestive, but it does not prove there were two castaways. As noted in Table 2, the bones recovered by Gallagher are likely from one person. The potential pitfalls of determining gender based on how a shoe looks are discussed elsewhere in this report.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: center;">1960, Floyd Kilts</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 110%;">The U.S. Coast Guard</span><span style="color: #595959; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 110%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 110%;">operated Loran Unit 92
on Nikumaroro Island from 1944 to 1946 inclusive. Floyd Kilts was on duty there in
1946. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 110%;">In July 1960 an article written
by Lew Skarr appeared in the San Diego </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 110%;">Tribune</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 110%;">.</span><b style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[<u>15</u></b><b style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">] </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 110%;">Skarr quotes a story Kilts said he was told in 1946 through an interpreter b</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 110%;">y a “native” on the
island. Quoting Kilts in the news story:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 110%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">“It seems that in the latter part of 1938 there were 23
island people, all men, and an Irish magistrate<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Kenton" datetime="2019-01-05T01:18"> </ins></span>planting coconut
trees on Gardner….” <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 110%;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">“They were about through and the native was walking along one
end of the island. There in the brush about five
feet from the shoreline he saw a skeleton.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 110%;">“What attracted him to it was the shoes. Women</span><span lang="FR" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 110%;">’</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 110%;">s shoes, American kind. No native wears shoes. Couldn</span><span lang="FR" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 110%;">’</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 110%;">t if they wanted to—feet too spread out and
flat. The shoes were size nine narrow. Beside the body was a cognac bottle with
fresh water in it for drinking.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 110%;">“Farther down the beach he found a man</span><span lang="FR" style="color: windowtext; line-height: 110%;">’</span><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 110%;">s skull, but nothing else.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Author
Notes: </b><i>Elements of
the Kilts story resemble, and presumably reflect, the story documented in the
Western Pacific High Commission files. There were 23 colonists on the
island at one point in time, and a skull, shoe parts and a bottle were found
while preparing to plant coconuts. Gerald Gallagher was of Irish descent,
and was nicknamed “Irish.” The possibility
that the colonists first found a skeleton and then later a skull is a
perspective to consider.</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: center;">1991, Bauro Tikana</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Mr. Tikana was Gerald Gallagher’s</span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">clerk and interpreter in 1940. The following is excerpted from a facsimile (fax) dated August 12, 1991 that Mr. Tikana sent to Ric Gillespie, executive director of The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery (TIGHAR):</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">“When we first arrived (in 1940) I saw the [</span><i style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">Norwich City</i><span style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">] shipwreck and asked Mr. Gallagher about it. He told me that it was the </span><i style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">Norwich City</i><span style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">. Later when the laborers were cleaning (clearing the bush) they told me they found bones near the ship. I do not know if Mr. Gallagher knew about the bones as I didn’t tell him about it. The laborers also told me they found bones on the other end of the atoll when they were cleaning the land in that area. I don’t believe Mr. Gallagher knew of these as he was the only white man there and most of the laborers didn’t speak English and were afright [sic] to talk to him and Mr. Gallagher didn’t speak Gilbertese. I did all the interpreting for Mr. Gallagher and pass on all his instructions to the laborers.”</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: center;">1999, Emily (Segalo) Sikuli</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Mrs. Sikuli was the daughter of the Nikumaroro carpenter. Emily does not claim to be a witness to the finding of bones near the <i>Norwich City, </i>but in interviews with TIGHAR personnel </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b style="color: blue;">[<u>16</u></b><b style="color: blue;">] </b></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">she states that bones were found near the <i>Norwich City</i> wreck </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">by fishermen. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">They were turned over to Teng Koata, the Native Magistrate, who then restricted access to the area. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">She said the bones were turned over to Gallagher and placed in a box.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">It may be that Mrs. Sikuli’s recollections are not accurate reflections of events in 1940. </span><span style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">But it is reasonably clear that bones were discovered somewhere near the </span><i style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">Norwich City</i><span style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">. </span><span style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">A 1999 interview with Otiria O’Brian </span></span><b style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[<u>17</u></b><b style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">]</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">, who lived on Nikumaroro for a short time, corroborates some of Emily’s recollection. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Could the Bones Discovered in 1940 Represent One of the Lost Norwich City Crewmen?</i></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #454545;"><span style="color: #454545;">In November 1998, while conducting research at the National Archives in Kew, England, the author obtained the heights of two of the Norwich City crewmen </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">—</span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Thomas Scott and Francis Sumner. This information was obtained too late to be considered in the Burns et al. December 1998 paper </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">[<u>18</u>]</span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">,</span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> which was published a few weeks later. In January 2018, the data were forwarded to Jantz, who had not previously seen them, but it was too late to include in his February 2018 paper.</span><b style="color: #454545; font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>19</u>]</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #454545;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #454545;">In August 2018 the author uncovered the heights for two missing Yemeni/Arab crewmen named Saleh Ragee and Said Metanna; these were also provided to Dr. Jantz. </span><span style="color: #454545;">Given that Ragee’s height was very close to the “best estimate” for the castaway’s height listed in the 1998 paper, Jantz re-employed FORDISC 3.1 and other methodologies. See <b>Exhibit 5</b>. </span><span style="color: #454545;">During the ensuing years additional data points had been added to the FORDISC database on top of the program, which improved its ability to estimate height from bone length. </span><span style="color: #454545;">Jantz re-estimated the castaway’s stature based on Hoodless’ measurement of the skeleton’s humerus, radius and tibia. Francis Sumner's height (5'3") places him below the 90-percent confidence interval; thus, it is probable that he is not a candidate to have been the Nikumaroro castaway. Said Metanna (5'4") and Thomas Scott (5'9"+) are near the lower and upper 90-percent confidence limits, respectively, and thus are candidates with a low probability to have been the Nikumaroro castaway. Saleh Ragee's height (5'6") is close to the most likely height range estimate and thus is a good fit for the Nikumaroro bones. See <b>Table 2</b>. Ragee and the other five Yemeni/Arabs listed in <b>Table 1</b> have a one-in-six chance of having been buried on the beach.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Table #2</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>FORDISC 3.1, 20th Century Male Forensic Stature Sample</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>December 2018 Analysis of Hoodless' Bone Measurements</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Shoe Parts: Did Gallagher Find a Norwich City Arab's Sandal</i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Gallagher stated the following about the shoe parts he collected in association with the bones:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">“[We found] part of [a shoe] sole [that] “appears to have been a stoutish waking shoe or heavy sandal ... My conclusion … [that the] Shoe was a woman’s… [is] based on sole of shoe which is almost certainly a woman’s ... probably size 10." The senior medical officer in Fiji, Dr. Steenson added: “they appear to be parts of shoes worn by a male person and a female person.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Five of the lost <i>Norwich City</i> seamen were Arabs from Yemen. Arab seamen, like almost all non-European sailors aboard steamships, were referred to as lascars,</span></span><b style="color: #454545; font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>20</u>] </span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">and often wore sandals and sometimes went barefoot. This was due to economics, Arabic tradition, and the extremely hot conditions below deck in the engine room where they often toiled. Another reason to wear open sandals or to work barefoot was, for example, to provide a better grip on the decks of dhows.</span><b style="color: #454545; font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>21</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Lascar sailors hailed from backgrounds and cultures that included Arabic, Cypriot (Cyprus), Chinese, Indian and East African.</span><b style="color: #454545; font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>22</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Sandals are common footwear in all of these locales.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sandals are an essential part of the tradition and lifestyle of Arabic nationals. Sandals, often open-toed, are the preferred footwear of both Arabic men and women in regions such as Yemen, where heat and humidity make this style of "cooler" footwear preferable.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Arabic tradition does not allow for people to wear footwear/sandals on carpets/rugs or in places of worship; footwear is not usually worn in living quarters. Sandals are popular in part because they are easy to take on and off before entering and leaving living quarters or places of worship.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Heavy-soled sandals are commonly worn by men in the Middle East, Asia, North Africa, and surrounding locales. That was true in 1929, and for centuries before that, as it is today. Arabic sandals are worn at work (in office, agricultural, and industrial settings), and in both formal (e.g. weddings) and informal (e.g. relaxing) contexts.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><i>Norwich City</i> seaman/Arabs Redman Yousef, Saleh Ragee, Said Metanna and Ayed Naif worked in the engine room as firemen/stokers, with Yousef and Naif also serving as trimmers. See <b>Table 1</b>, <b>Exhibits 3 and 4</b>. Firemen shoveled coal into the <i>Norwich City's</i> boiler to produce superheated steam for propulsion. The trimmers delivered coal to the firemen from the ship's coal bunkers. These engine room jobs were dirty, low-paid and dangerous. It was not uncommon within the shipping industry for a fireman or trimmer to collapse while laboring in the engine room, where temperatures could reach as high as 120 to 160 degrees Fahrenheit. There are recorded instances of engine room workers becoming temporarily insane, rushing to the deck and jumping overboard to escape the heat.</span></span></span><b style="color: #454545; font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>23</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSmIow4ea4RxerhjDrbCM5QUDlkhHkBgVFMEYRMh_n61Ipv1q3-R3TQnwm7pjolamwOEnhmEbDAH4nn1V2ZYIXu4gOM15mVCQdd-SGpOahDXywJFJeU7_I84N-TG4TF3LO3hvvv3dlkcE/s1600/Fig05_stadtler_lascars+in+engine+room.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1273" data-original-width="1600" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSmIow4ea4RxerhjDrbCM5QUDlkhHkBgVFMEYRMh_n61Ipv1q3-R3TQnwm7pjolamwOEnhmEbDAH4nn1V2ZYIXu4gOM15mVCQdd-SGpOahDXywJFJeU7_I84N-TG4TF3LO3hvvv3dlkcE/s400/Fig05_stadtler_lascars+in+engine+room.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #3: A barefoot fireman (engine department) shoveling coal into the boiler of a British Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company steamship, ca. 1900</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Photo by The Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company Archive</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLOf8D1p-YcCoaYrDG8YCi3jtJR_a_s5aydnXZmI6rYCc7pbZEzHieP_aQU7SZ54J1wmxZdfj3HR91oyXsLIhjjpKUKd63kTJlOjvIvfV1ZxidD8GAHgsQpRwHOnfcJ4mw4-R61_3Lhes/s1600/Fig06_Batti_Wallah_AsstElectOfficer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="302" data-original-width="324" height="372" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLOf8D1p-YcCoaYrDG8YCi3jtJR_a_s5aydnXZmI6rYCc7pbZEzHieP_aQU7SZ54J1wmxZdfj3HR91oyXsLIhjjpKUKd63kTJlOjvIvfV1ZxidD8GAHgsQpRwHOnfcJ4mw4-R61_3Lhes/s400/Fig06_Batti_Wallah_AsstElectOfficer.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #4: An assistant electrical officer (engine department) wearing sandals on board a British Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company steamship, ca. 1900</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Photo by The Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company Archive</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3RlvsDYMrg_xGJCwXweoZITLiHoGJXRpJaOQ0DTUxottkRigUVuLIOFStfrmTeIht3PKBuTQWr-_ZJuX_npNNtxazeqMHNddB-zNf0xwltTBjS9qf2KlzAguJbDVuVPRMPdZHfVd-Wto/s1600/Fig07_MerchantShip_SailorSandals_1917.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="497" data-original-width="640" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3RlvsDYMrg_xGJCwXweoZITLiHoGJXRpJaOQ0DTUxottkRigUVuLIOFStfrmTeIht3PKBuTQWr-_ZJuX_npNNtxazeqMHNddB-zNf0xwltTBjS9qf2KlzAguJbDVuVPRMPdZHfVd-Wto/s400/Fig07_MerchantShip_SailorSandals_1917.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #5: The crew of the SS <i>Chyebassa</i>, several wearing sandals. The <i>Chyebassa</i> was a merchant navy ship of the British India Line, 1917.</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Photo by <a href="http://www.iwm.org.uk/" target="_blank">www.iwm.org.uk</a> copyright IWM (Q94607, free to reuse for non-commercial purposes).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Men’s Arabic sandals can have a distinctive look that might appear feminine to the eyes of a westerner such as Gallagher or Steenson. The soles of Arabic sandals often have elaborate stitching patterns, as do the uppers. In the Arabic sandals, shown below, note their "feminine" look to the western eye/culture and their thick "heavy" soles. The soles themselves often have intricate designs sewn into them </span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">unlike, say, shower sandals or casual sandals worn by men in the western world.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5iOx7mbL2BMm084Uf6bbWgXbXwTKl3chOHAdcq7Vkod3UTfxXDlQ9ZrdrNNFkbxQrKwKS_niMibRPPD9gCsCB7hEZx6o8umh50-VUlVB7R7CROCelFrQAN5tUhMFq4z_3nSyv3AhDxB0/s1600/Fig08_Black+Arabic+Sandal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="402" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5iOx7mbL2BMm084Uf6bbWgXbXwTKl3chOHAdcq7Vkod3UTfxXDlQ9ZrdrNNFkbxQrKwKS_niMibRPPD9gCsCB7hEZx6o8umh50-VUlVB7R7CROCelFrQAN5tUhMFq4z_3nSyv3AhDxB0/s320/Fig08_Black+Arabic+Sandal.jpg" width="285" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #6: Traditional Arabic men's sandal</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Photo by The Desert Boutique Shop</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoC4l7ZMoch-Zo3oBZFTudy-EvH0-ByqRPPlc3TeiVdxbJja0eHUwcZcQu6_59pQ1gUCT5Y6W5FVmCXTU3rB9WV7yOGRN4gooJ1tfMFhSsmE_B0doyQ01BmWlqw6_WnWB2RBN7wlhWiJ8/s1600/Fig09_Najdi_Sandal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="216" data-original-width="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoC4l7ZMoch-Zo3oBZFTudy-EvH0-ByqRPPlc3TeiVdxbJja0eHUwcZcQu6_59pQ1gUCT5Y6W5FVmCXTU3rB9WV7yOGRN4gooJ1tfMFhSsmE_B0doyQ01BmWlqw6_WnWB2RBN7wlhWiJ8/s1600/Fig09_Najdi_Sandal.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #7: Traditional Arabic men's sandal</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Photo by Naal Souq Shop</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmhDrjKKdRVkJe2B2F_dcb8-TToE1u8LCc3TG3CwQXfKykpb6Prxvt5FAIZhHLhNAkC4QqLDUZjDthc4bbhMMwpvwX-jyAwo9e-Kpw7c5nFAJIM961PSHNGQN6kQ40FKhxVe_xT0UWHkk/s1600/Fig10_Blessed+Sandal+Relic+of+the+Prophet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="230" data-original-width="425" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmhDrjKKdRVkJe2B2F_dcb8-TToE1u8LCc3TG3CwQXfKykpb6Prxvt5FAIZhHLhNAkC4QqLDUZjDthc4bbhMMwpvwX-jyAwo9e-Kpw7c5nFAJIM961PSHNGQN6kQ40FKhxVe_xT0UWHkk/s320/Fig10_Blessed+Sandal+Relic+of+the+Prophet.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #8: Vintage sandal relic of the style worn by the Prophet Muhammad</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Photo by Topkapi Palace</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><i>Corks on Brass Chains: Norwich City Provisions?</i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The senior medical officer in Fiji, Dr. Steenson, stated after observing the artifacts Gallagher forwarded with the bones: “corks on brass chains would appear to have belonged to a small cask.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Early 20th century ships such as the <i>Norwich City</i> used wooden casks to contain water and other liquids; these often had corks as stoppers, attached by chains. Water casks were often standard issue in lifeboats. The Norwich City’s Second Officer, Mr. Lott, reported that there were small water casks (referred to as “breakers”) stored aboard the Norwich City lifeboats. Lott stated:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">“[After swimming ashore] we then gathered what stores we could from the lifeboat. Both boats were washed ashore. … I found a pool of fresh water on the morning of Saturday. By next morning [it] was turned to salt water and undrinkable. We had the breakers from the lifeboats.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #9: A cork connected by a chain to a cask or breaker</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Photo by Andrew McKenna</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Photo #10: A cask or breaker with a cork connected to a chain</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Photo by Andrew McKenna</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">Earhart-Noonan researcher John Kada, with input from fellow researcher Lew Toulmin, published research in October 2018 regarding the aforementioned sextant box Gallagher described. </span><span style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">Kada’s data indicate that the box, and presumably the reported apparent inverting eye piece, likely belonged to a U.S. Navy survey crew.</span></span></span><b style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[<u>24</u></b><b style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">] </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">The USS <i>Bushnell</i>’s survey crew camped on the island for seven days, November 28 to December 5, 1939 inclusive.</span></span><b style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[<u>25</u></b><b style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">] </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">A four-page memo dated November 15, 1938, lists sextant instruments from the Bushnell, which were to be sent to the Naval Observatory for maintenance. </span><span style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">Item 12 on the list is “Sextant, Brandis N.O. [Naval Observatory] 1542 General Overhaul.” </span><span style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">The sextant box found on Nikumaroro was marked with the numbers 3500 and 1542. </span><span style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">See </span><b style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">Exhibit 6</b><span style="color: #454545; text-align: center;">. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">In 1929, the SS <i>Norwich City</i> ran aground on the then-uninhabited Nikumaroro Island within the Phoenix Islands. In 1937, Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan disappeared in the Pacific presumably somewhere in the region of the Phoenix Islands. In April 1940, colonists supervised by Gerald Gallagher, a British Western Pacific High Commission (WPHC) officer, recovered thirteen human bones on Nikumaroro Island.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Evidence found with the bones (remains of a fire, bird bones) indicated the deceased had lived as a castaway. Artifacts collected with the bones included: parts of shoe(s) that appeared to be a stoutish walking shoe or heavy sandal, a Benedictine bottle, a sextant box and corks attached to brass chains. It was suggested in 1940 that the shoe parts belonged to a woman “based on [the] sole of [the] shoe,” It was suggested the bones might belong to Amelia Earhart. The WPHC had the bones examined by a doctor in Suva, Fiji in 1941. The doctor concluded they belonged to a male about 5'5.5" inches tall. He went on to say the person was “a short, stocky, muscular European, or even a half‐caste, or a person of mixed European descent.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Analyses published in December 1998 and February 2018 posited the bones may have belonged to Earhart. The 1998 analysis presented evidence that Earhart’s height was 5'7" to 5'8". A December 2018 analysis of the 1941 bone measurements indicates that the most likely height for the castaway was 5'6" to 5'8".</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Eight crewmen from the <i>Norwich City</i> shipwreck were not located. Heights for four of them have been obtained. Three of them are not likely to have been the castaway; each was either too short or too tall (though none is impossible as a match). The height of the fourth seaman, Saleh Ragee, is listed as 5'6". Ragee is thus a candidate for the skeleton found in 1940.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The missing crewmen, including Saleh Ragee, included Arabs from Yemen. Arabs traditionally wear heavy-soled sandals with elaborate stitching, which to a person from a western culture would look feminine.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The lifeboats from the Norwich City contained wooden casks filled with water that very likely would have had corks on brass chains attached to them.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A 2018 paper provided evidence that the sextant box mentioned in the WPHC correspondence was likely from a November to December 1938 U.S. Navy survey of Nikumaroro.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Credits</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I am grateful to Dr. Richard Jantz for his prompt replies to inquiries, kind responses and technical expertise. His input, guidance and comments on various drafts are appreciated.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I am also indebted to Tom King. Tom's suggested edits, expertise and encouragement contributed greatly to the paper. Thank you to Lew Toulmin for commenting on the drafts.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Exhibit #1:<br /><i>Norwich City</i> Crewman Survivors</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgls7dAnL3SqDX4rd1IFG695CB1EyNOcLOLGffPDJnroPkpzGqH_g0cbWxcw4B30RLH5t3icJ0aEwAMQFehVjSaWJGtGpOjt_B1dyRPwL_qbWsgwBDMdHn5w-1iNdRoe0aljdpfbcLH_Kg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-01-06+at+7.34.33+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="617" data-original-width="632" height="624" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgls7dAnL3SqDX4rd1IFG695CB1EyNOcLOLGffPDJnroPkpzGqH_g0cbWxcw4B30RLH5t3icJ0aEwAMQFehVjSaWJGtGpOjt_B1dyRPwL_qbWsgwBDMdHn5w-1iNdRoe0aljdpfbcLH_Kg/s640/Screen+Shot+2019-01-06+at+7.34.33+PM.png" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Exhibit #2:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>BT 334/89 92813, “Register of Deaths at Sea, 1929-1932”</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>From Microfiche at the Public Record Office, Kew, England</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN1HCZhLLcwKWwi5rf2zaWaGSrgAv5YADKjseAxwEBZySMDIfyI1E56-3hyhUpXtRCWfljbd7kylIwY_LR29PGZuSnOZksEUzhqC6RSrxJwj07-WDU6GSivXZ0kMtwPehaqVTXY4MTj9Y/s1600/DeathsAtSea_PRO_BR334_89.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN1HCZhLLcwKWwi5rf2zaWaGSrgAv5YADKjseAxwEBZySMDIfyI1E56-3hyhUpXtRCWfljbd7kylIwY_LR29PGZuSnOZksEUzhqC6RSrxJwj07-WDU6GSivXZ0kMtwPehaqVTXY4MTj9Y/s640/DeathsAtSea_PRO_BR334_89.jpg" width="480" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>British Merchant Seaman Records: Summary of CR Cards</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The Merchant Navy Seamen (see <b>Exhibit 7)</b> (1918-1941) records include Central Indexed Register of Seaman Cards which is sometimes referred to as the Fourth Register of Seamen Index Cards. The term “Central Register” is abbreviated CR (i.e. CR cards). The United Kingdom’s (U.K.) Registrar General of Shipping and Seamen used the index between the two world wars to produce a centralized index of merchant seamen serving on British merchant vessels. The U.K.’s Board of Trade issued these cards. This report discusses three types: CR1, CR2 and CR10. There are two or more cards for some individuals. The CR cards are in volumes within the U.K.’s National Archives record series BT 348, BT 349, BT 350 and BT 364. The originals are held by the Southampton Archives. The Central/Fourth Register was started in 1913; however, the records for 1913 through 1917 were destroyed.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">CR1 cards have data fields for, among other things:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Discharge Assigned No. (Dis. A. No.), birthdate/place, sailor’s height and eye/hair color. Each sailor was assigned a unique “discharge assigned” number (Dis. A. No.), similar to a social security number, and a Seaman’s Discharge Book (SDB). The SBD contains a record of the sailor’s sea time, certificates the sailor earned and the ships on which he served.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">CR2 cards have data fields for only: Dis. A. No., Certificate of Competency No., birth year/place, rank/rating, ship and date of engagement (no physical characteristics of the sailor). Certificate of Competency is a form of license granted to mariners to work on ships.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">CR10 cards are similar to CR1 cards. They have data fields for among other things: Dis. A. No., birthdate/place, sailor’s height and eye/hair color, nationality and next of kin information.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The seaman CR1 cards containing height information for “lost” <i>Norwich City</i> sailors were located for Scott, Sumner, Ragee and Metanna (see <b>Table 1</b>). “Lost” seaman CR cards for Horne (CR2), Yousef (CR1 and CR2) and Naif (CR2) were located but those CR cards do not list their heights. The CR cards that have been located to date are below in <b>Exhibit 4</b>. Note that John Thomas Jones, who was buried on the beach, is the only sailor so far with a CR10 card. Locating Horne's, Naif's, and the two Hassans’ CR1 or CR10 cards, if they exist, may reveal their heights.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When this research was started in 1998 the records were accessed on microfiche at the Public Record Office in Kew, England. Many of the CR records are now available at </span><a href="http://www.findmypast.com/" style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">www.findmypast.com</a>.</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Exhibit #4: </span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">SS <i>Norwich City</i> Crew Members Who Were Missing After the Shipwreck</span></b></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Central Register Cards and Birthplace</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">1. Source of Name, Sex and Age: Public Record Office (PRO), Kew, England, BT 334/89 92813, "Deaths at Sea 1929-1932." Saleh Ragee's birthdate on his CR1+CR2 is 1892 (age 37) See <b>Exhibits 2 and 3</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">2. Source of Height, Eye and Hair Color, Birthday, Place of Birth: PRO, Kew, England, B348/349/350/364, “Central Index Register (CR) of Seaman, 1918-1941.” See <b>Exhibit 3</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">3. The search for CR cards, in particular CR1 and/or CR10 cards listing height, for Horne, Naif, Ahmed Hassan, Ali Hassan is ongoing. Yousef's CR1 height data field is blank. For Yousef and the others, the search for additional records, such as CR10, crew agreements and lists, is ongoing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">4. In addition to Leslie and Jones who are listed in Table 1, one of the six Arabs listed in this table was also buried on the beach on Gardner Island. A CR10 card for Jones is in <b>Exhibit 4.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Statistical Methodology Used for Table 2</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(The following exhibit is derived from personal correspondence with Dr. Richard Jantz.) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The <i>Norwich City</i> crewmen were male, so male samples were analyzed for this report. Three samples were analyzed for this report: Forensic statures for 20th century males, measured statures World War II males (Trotter), and cadaver statures for 19th century males. Three bone lengths (Humerus (H), Radius (R), and Tibia (T)) and four cumulative bone lengths (H+T, H+R, R+T and H+R+T) were plotted on the x-axis versus height on the y-axis (i.e., seven sets of x-y data within each sample, 21 total). A confidence interval with upper and lower limits was calculated for the 21 sets of x-y data.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The bone length values for the Nikumaroro castaway were tabulated: H=324 mm, R=245 mm, T=372 mm, H+T=696 mm, H+R=569 mm, R+T=617 mm and H+R+T=941 mm. The castaway's bone length(s) were marked on the x-axis of the plots that represented that x-axis variable. For example, the castaway's humerus+tibia value of 696 mm was marked on the three x-y plots representing humerus+tibia versus height (one H+T plot for each sample). A vertical line above that bone(s) length (e.g., 696) revealed three points on the sample's x-y plot: i) upper and ii) lower 90-percent confidence limits (CL) and iii) a best height estimate (point estimate) for a person with the castaway's bone length(s). A prediction interval (PI) was then calculated for those three points (i.e. 21 PIs total). The PI equals the absolute value of the difference between the upper and lower CL divided by two, which is the distance between the castaway's best height / point estimate and the CL limit above or below the point estimate. PI is a measure of dispersion. Lower PIs indicate estimates that are less dispersed. These are generally given greater weight than estimates with higher PIs, which are more dispersed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">With PIs obtained from a combination of the x-y sets of data and the castaway's bone length(s) in hand, the lowest PI from the seven possibilities was identified within each of the three samples. Any PI within the sample that shared the lowest PI was also selected. For example, the T and H+T PIs were equal within each sample. This filtering process led to 11 PIs corresponding to CL limits associated with a best height estimate. From this filtration process, a global minimum lower 90-percent confidence interval value and a global maximum upper 90-percent confidence interval value from the 11 choices were selected. These CL values were then adopted as the overall 90-percent confidence interval (64 to 71 inches) for the height of the castaway. In addition, a most likely height estimate range for the castaway (66 to 68 inches) was determined from the aforementioned 21 best height estimates (point estimates) for a person with the castaway's bone length(s). See <b>Table 2</b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Exhibit #6: </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Sextant Box Paper Excerpt (with added details)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Derived from John Kada’s weblog posting titled “The Probable Origin of the Nikumaroro Sextant Box”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Source: <a href="https://gardnerghost.blogspot.com/2018/10/the-origin-of-nikumaroro-sextant-box.html" target="_blank">https://gardnerghost.blogspot.com/2018/10/the-origin-of-nikumaroro-sextant-box.html</a> with information added by Kenton Spading</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Date of original weblog: October 26, 2018</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Gallagher stated the sextant box had two numbers on it 3500 (stenciled) and 1542. Sextants (and their boxes) in the early decades of the twentieth century were often marked with two numbers. One is the sextant manufacturer’s serial number. The other is a number assigned by the U.S. Naval Observatory, which had the task of inspecting and maintaining sextants to include those used by the U.S. Navy.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">From November 28 to December 5, 1939, roughly four months before the castaway’s remains were found, the USS <i>Bushnell</i>, a U.S. Navy submarine tender, visited Nikumaroro [Gardner] Island. She was outfitted as a hydrographic mapping vessel sent to survey the island, its lagoon and surrounding sea bottom. The <i>Bushnell</i> made a short trip to McKean Island during this period leaving the lagoon survey party camped on the island. Maps of the survey illustrate that a network of reference points were established throughout the island. The work included measuring water depths from boats making transects across the lagoon.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Earhart-Noonan researcher John Kada uncovered a hydrographic surveying manual published by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1931. It illustrated that sextants were used to triangulate/determine positions on land-based reference points when making transects of this sort.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">In December 2016, Kada visited the National Archives and Record Administration (NARA) in Washington D.C. to view Bushnell records. He confirmed through the Nikumaroro survey notes that sextants were utilized on the island in 1939. The notes did not include sextant numbers.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Kada’s second trip to NARA in August 2018 also did not uncover any information on the Bushnell’s sextants. The trip was prompted by a sextant box-related paper that fellow researcher Lew Toulmin presented at the May 2018 Earhart-Noonan Symposium during the Archaeology Channel Conference on Cultural Heritage Media in Eugene, Oregon.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Toulmin’s research also included an earlier trip to NARA. At NARA Toulmin examined an index card catalog for NARA’s holdings of the U.S. Naval Observatory’s correspondence for the period 1909-1925. The card catalog was organized by subject, and included a card for sextants. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Kada’s third visit to NARA in October 2018 revealed a four-page memo from the USS <i>Bushnell</i> dated November 15, 1938, listing sextant instruments to be sent to the Naval Observatory. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Item 12 on the list is “Sextant, Brandis N.O. [Naval Observatory] 1542 General Overhaul.” </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">A note penciled into the margin indicates that this sextant was returned to the Bushnell on January 17, 1939. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">This documented that a Brandis sextant with N.O. number 1542 was refurbished by the Naval Observatory in late 1938 and returned to the Bushnell by January 1939, about one year before the Bushnell crew surveyed Nikumaroro. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">It is probable that the sextant box found on Nikumaroro marked with the numbers 3500 and 1542 was a Brandis sextant box that a Bushnell surveyor lost.</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Exhibit #7: </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Definitions</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">90-Percent Confidence Interval</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span>The upper and lower height values between which 90 percent of the estimated heights of a given sample are expected to fall. It is assumed that an unknown data point, such as the bones discovered on Nikumaroro Island, will fall within these limits, as long as it is drawn from the same or similar population used to estimate the confidence limits.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The term "90-percent" indicate that 90 percent of the experiments, in this case measuring heights of many individuals, include the true mean/average, but 10 percent will not.</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">So there is a 1-in-10 chance (10 percent) that the confidence interval does NOT include the true mean.</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">So the interval could shift upwards or downwards over the course of many experiments.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Able-Bodied</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> seamen perform general maintenance, repair, sanitation and upkeep of material, equipment, and superstructure areas in a ship’s deck department. Maintenance can include chipping, scraping, cleaning, priming, and painting a ship’s metal structures.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Aft </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">is the rear (stern) of a ship as you face forward</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Apprentices</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> typically work in the deck or engineering departments of a ship. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Apprentices can advance to be officers or other higher-ranking seaman.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Boatswains</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> are in charge of hull maintenance and related work. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The hull is the watertight body of the ship.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Breaker</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">: As a nautical term: A small water cask often used in lifeboats. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Credit to Richard Gillespie, executive director, The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recover for reviewing this report and alerting me to Second Officer Lott’s quotation regarding breakers.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Cabin Boys </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">wait on the officers of a ship and run errands for the captain.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Chief Engineer</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> is responsible for the engine room and maintenance and other machinery and support systems on a ship, both above and below the ship’s deck. The chief sometimes has a rank similar to the master/captain.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Chief Officer</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> is second-in-command after the ship's master/captain.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Confidence Limits:</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> These are the numbers at the upper and lower end of a confidence interval.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Donkey-men </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">are in charge of a donkey-engine, a small steam-engine, usually for subsidiary operations on board ship, as in feeding the boilers of the propelling engines.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Fireman or stoker</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> is a seaman whose job is to tend the fire for the running of a boiler to power the steam engine. On land-based steam locomotives, the term fireman is usually used, while on steamships and stationary steam engines, such as those driving saw mills, the term is usually stoker (although the British Merchant Navy did use firemen). </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Much of the job is hard physical labor, such as shoveling fuel, typically coal, into the boiler's firebox.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Forward </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">means toward a ship’s bow.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Fourth Engineers </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">work in the engine department. They are responsible for electrical, lubricating oil, bilge and other tasks. They are sometimes referred to as assistant engineers or third engineer.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Galley Boys</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> assist in the ship’s kitchen.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Gunwale: </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The gunwale is the top edge of the side of a boat or ship.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Master</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> is the highest grade of licensed mariner, who is qualified to serve as the captain of a merchant ship of any size, of any type, operating anywhere in the world. </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">In the British Merchant Navy a master mariner, who has sailed in command of an ocean-going merchant ship, is titled captain.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Merchant Navy</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">is a term given to commercial (civilian) passenger and shipping fleets in the United Kingdom (U.K.). The United States' “Merchant Marine” is equivalent to the U.K.’s Merchant Navy. In the U.K. the military/naval fleet is called the Royal Navy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Mess Room Boy</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> duties are many and varied. They include: coffee, assistant cook, pantry, waiter, dishwasher, bedroom steward, and porter.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Population </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The broader group of individuals for whom you intend to generalize your height estimates in an analysis of the sample. For example, the population might be all the Arab males living in Yemen. The sample is a subset of the population.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Port </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">is the left side of a ship as you face forward.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Sample</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> A group of individuals for which, for example, heights were recorded. For example, the height of 2,000 male Arabs living in Yemen.</span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Second Officer</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> is the third-in-command on a merchant vessel.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Starboard </b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">is the right side of a ship as you face forward.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Third Officer</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">is customarily the ship's safety officer and fourth-in-command.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Trimmers</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ensured that the coal was evenly distributed within the holds of the ship as it was fed into the boilers. This ensured that the "trim" or level of the ship was not adversely affected. Trimmers fed coal to the firemen through chutes or often in carts, which were dumped near the boilers.</span></span><br />
<b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">Wireless Operators</b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">operate the radio transmitter on a ship.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><i>Citations</i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: blue;">[<u>1</u>]</span></b></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Richard Gillespie Interview with Eric Bevington, January 22-23, 1992, TIGHAR Tracks, Vol. 8, </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">No. 1/2: p. 6, First on the Scene, March 12, 1992. <a href="https://tighar.org/Publications/TTracks/1992Vol_8/0801_2.pdf" target="_blank">https://tighar.org/Publications/TTracks/1992Vol_8/0801_2.pdf</a></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: blue;">[<u>2</u>]</span></b></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Personal Correspondence between Tom King and Harry Maude.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">[<u>3</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">As they were then referred to; now I-Kiribati</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">[</span></span></b></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><u>4</u></span></b></span><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">]</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Gerald Gallagher, Kiribati National Archives, Tarawa, KNI 11/I, File 13/9/1, Discovery of Human Remains on Gardner Island, September 23, 1940. <a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Bones_Chronology.html" target="_blank">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Bones_Chronology.html</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">[</span><span style="font-size: small;"><u>5</u></span></span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">]</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Gallagher, Steenson et al., Western Pacific High Commission Archive, Library and Archives Section of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Hanslope Park, England, File No. M.P. 4439 – 1940, Skeleton Human — finding of on Gardner Island. <a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Bones_Chronology.html" target="_blank">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Bones_Chronology.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #e4af0a; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; text-decoration-line: underline;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">[<u>6</u></span></span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">]</span></span></b></span><b style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"> </b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliotropium_foertherianum" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliotropium_foertherianum</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #e4af0a; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; text-decoration-line: underline;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<u>7</u></span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">]</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Pearson" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Pearson</a>, Personal communication from Dr. Richard Jantz: Hoodless made small arithmetic errors or typos in his calculations. His most significant error was using a constant of 89.925 instead of 85.925 as suggested by Pearson for the radius, i.e., 4 cm too large. This resulted from Hoodless not consulting Pearson's original paper. This same error is in the textbook <u>Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology</u> by Modi, which has persisted through about 16 editions of the text. Whether Hoodless therefore consulted a medical text containing that error, by Modi or another, is unknown.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">[<u>8</u></span></span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">]</span></span></b></span><b style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Richard Jantz, <i>Forensic Anthropology, </i></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Vol. 1, No. 2: 83-98, Amelia Earhart and the Nikumaroro Bones, A 1941 Analysis versus Modern Quantitative Techniques, February 2018. <a href="http://journals.upress.ufl.edu/fa/article/view/525/519" target="_blank">http://journals.upress.ufl.edu/fa/article/view/525/519</a></span><span id="goog_2077586430" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"></a></span><span id="goog_2077586431" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #e4af0a; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; text-decoration-line: underline;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: bold;">[<u>9</u>]</span><b style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"> </b><a href="https://everipedia.org/wiki/lang_en/FORDISC/" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">https://everipedia.org/wiki/lang_en/FORDISC/</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">[<u>10</u></span></span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">]</span></span></b></span><b style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Burns, Jantz, King, Gillespie, <i>American Anthropological Association Annual Convention, </i></span><span style="font-size: small;">Amelia Earhart’s Bones and Shoes? Current Anthropological Perspectives on an Historical Mystery, December 5, 1998. <a href="https://tighar.org/Publications/TTracks/14_2/14_2bones.pdf" target="_blank">https://tighar.org/Publications/TTracks/14_2/14_2bones.pdf</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">[<u>11</u></span></span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">]</span></span></b></span><b style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cross, Wright, <i>Journal of Archaeological Science, </i></span><span style="font-size: small;">Vol. 3, 52-59, The Nikumaroro Bones Identification Controversy: First-hand Examination Versus Evaluation by Proxy — Amelia Earhart Found or Still Missing, September 2015. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X15300109?via%3Dihub" target="_blank">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X15300109?via%3Dihub</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">[<u>12</u></span></span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">]</span></span></b></span><b style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Personal communication from Richard Jantz: Hoodless wrote 324 in his report. The 1998 paper (Citation 10) erroneously lists 325. This will be corrected in a future paper. The results presented in the 1998 paper will change slightly. The overall conclusions in the 1998 paper stand.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">[<u>13</u></span></span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">]</span></span></b></span><b style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Note that many people were buried on Nikumaroro during the colonial period 1938 to 1963 inclusive, so any reports of human remains post-dating about 1940 are likely to be colonial graves exposed by erosion.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">[<u>14</u></span></span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">]</span></span></b></span><b style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Richard B. Black, Report of Eleventh Cruise of American Equatorial Islands of Jarvis, Baker and Howland and to other islands in the South Seas, p. 7, November 13, 1937, (Saturday) Phoenix Islands, Hull & Sydney. The original is available at the U.S. National Archives and Record Administration, Department of the Interior records.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">[</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><u>15</u></span></span></span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">]</span></span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Lew Skarr, <i>San Diego Tribune, </i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">San Diegan Bares Clues to Earhart Fate, July 21, 1960. </span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/KiltsStory.html" target="_blank">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/KiltsStory.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">[<u>16</u></span></span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">]</span></span></b></span><b style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">King-Gillespie Interview with Emily Sikuli, July 15 and 27, 1999, TIGHAR Tracks,</span><i style="font-size: medium;"> </i><span style="font-size: small;">Vol. 15, 25-30, The Carpenter’s Daughter, 1999. <a href="https://tighar.org/Publications/TTracks/15_1/carpentersdaugh.html" target="_blank">https://tighar.org/Publications/TTracks/15_1/carpentersdaugh.html</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">[<u>17</u></span></span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">]</span></span></b></span><b style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tague-Gillespie Interview with Otiria O’Brian, January 19 and 26, 1999, TIGHAR Tracks,</span><i style="font-size: medium;"> </i><span style="font-size: small;">Vol. 15, 19-24, Mrs. O’Brian, 1999. <a href="https://tighar.org/Publications/TTracks/15_1/mrsobrian.html" target="_blank">https://tighar.org/Publications/TTracks/15_1/mrsobrian.html</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">[<u>18</u></span></span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">]</span></span></b></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Burns, Jantz, King, Gillespie, <i>American Anthropological Association Annual Convention, </i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Amelia Earhart’s Bones and Shoes? Current Anthropological Perspectives on an Historical Mystery, December 5, 1998. <a href="https://tighar.org/Publications/TTracks/14_2/14_2bones.pdf" target="_blank">https://tighar.org/Publications/TTracks/14_2/14_2bones.pdf</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">[<u>19</u></span></span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">]</span></span></b></span><b style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span></span></b></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Richard Jantz, <i>Forensic Anthropology, </i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Vol. 1, No. 2: 83-98, Amelia Earhart and the Nikumaroro Bones, A 1941 Analysis versus Modern Quantitative Techniques, February 2018. <a href="http://journals.upress.ufl.edu/fa/article/view/525/519" target="_blank">http://journals.upress.ufl.edu/fa/article/view/525/519</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">[<u>20</u></span></span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">]</span></span></b></span><b style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Florian Stadtler and Rozina Visram, Arts and Humanities Research Council. (n.d.). The Lascars: Britain's Colonial Sailors. Retrieved from <a href="https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/the-lascars-britains-colonial-era-sailors" target="_blank">https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/the-lascars-britains-colonial-era-sailors</a>. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Persian word lashkar (army) derives from al-askar, the Arabic word for a guard or soldier </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lascar" style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lascar</a><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">[<u>21</u></span></span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">]</span></span></b></span><b style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dionisius A. Agius, </span><u style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Seafaring in the Arabian Gulf and Oman: The People of the Dhow</u><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">: p. 140, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, New York and London, ISBN: 0-7103-0939-2, 2005, Digital: 2009.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<u>22</u></span></span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">]</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span></span></b></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Florian Stadtler and Rozina Visram, Arts</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">and Humanities Research Council. (n.d.). The Lascars: Britain's Colonial Sailors. Retrieved from </span><a href="https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/the-lascars-britains-colonial-era-sailors" style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">https://www.ourmigrationstory.org.uk/oms/the-lascars-britains-colonial-era-sailors</a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">[<u>23</u></span></span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">]</span></span></b></span><b style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">John Colgate, The Hard Life and Work of a Steamship Stoker<i>.</i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> (n.d). Retrieved from <a href="https://www.gjenvick.com/OceanTravel/SteamshipCrew/1900-TheHardLifeAndWorkOfASteamshipStoker.html" target="_blank">https://www.gjenvick.com/OceanTravel/SteamshipCrew/1900-TheHardLifeAndWorkOfASteamshipStoker.html</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">[<u>24</u></span></span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;">]</span></span></b></span><b style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">John Kada. October 26, 2018. The Ghost of Gardner Island, The Probable Origin of the Nikumaroro Sextant Box<i>.</i></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Retrieved from <a href="https://gardnerghost.blogspot.com/2018/10/the-origin-of-nikumaroro-sextant-box.html" target="_blank">https://gardnerghost.blogspot.com/2018/10/the-origin-of-nikumaroro-sextant-box.html</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">[</span><u><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">25</span></u></span></span></b><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">]</span></span></b></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">William B. Coleman, Captain, USS </span><i>Bushnell</i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, Gardner [Nikumaroro] Island Survey Operations, Progress Report - 16 November to 17 December, 1939 inclusive, Part I: 5-7, Daily Log of Events, December 19, 1939. Retrieved from </span><a href="https://tighar.org/wiki/USS_Bushnell_Survey_(1939)" target="_blank">https://tighar.org/wiki/USS_Bushnell_Survey_(1939)</a></span></div>
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</style>Joe Cernigliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17410570808333784643noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-45256544059607041842018-11-20T16:59:00.000-08:002020-07-14T02:30:45.169-07:00USALite Flashlight Manufactured Between 1921 and 1935 Found in Old Village<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b>By Joe Cerniglia</b></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">On July 5, 2017, during the second "In Search of Amelia Earhart" trip to Nikumaroro organized by Betchart Expeditions, trip member Karla Borde was working alongside a group of seven (including the author) when she discovered, wedged between a dried coconut and a wood fragment, the crushed, abraded and punctured casing of a 2-cell bullet-style flashlight. This flashlight was found on the surface of the ground within a few dozen meters of other artifacts near the old village dispensary.<span style="color: blue;"><b><u>[1]</u></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #1: The flashlight in situ</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Z6YaOOs7Uyt7inQpzNUNObx2goMwPxDWtuELiu7Dtk6b8VHZqShIUJaJyFg8Ao9SujhJ7z4d7XQxfwuVvyqQughx3K_Ra6UfxcnzzIAtO93IP3nTygjRvF3q7Fw57ErVH7V_ZBmUhMs/s1600/Photo+Jul+04%252C+8+35+25+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Z6YaOOs7Uyt7inQpzNUNObx2goMwPxDWtuELiu7Dtk6b8VHZqShIUJaJyFg8Ao9SujhJ7z4d7XQxfwuVvyqQughx3K_Ra6UfxcnzzIAtO93IP3nTygjRvF3q7Fw57ErVH7V_ZBmUhMs/s400/Photo+Jul+04%252C+8+35+25+PM.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #2: The flashlight in situ with scale (coconut having been demolished in process of placement).</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Measuring 7 1/16" in length, the flashlight's lens and lens reflector are entirely missing. The diameter of the circular end atop of which the bulb was seated measures roughly 3 1/2", having been distorted by some sort of impact. The flashlight weighs 90.82 grams. This artifact rested somewhere close to the side of, if not actually on, Harry Luke Boulevard, the main thoroughfare of the old colonial village, which once wended half a mile or more south to the newer village location and the boat landing. The casing is punctured in at least two places, crushed, creased and warped, and covered nearly uniformly with short abrasions and shallow marks, consistent possibly with ocean deposition as could be caused by a storm surge.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">An Art Deco design of triple-fluted bands runs nearly the length of and surrounds the casing, which has a high gloss as would be found with chrome or perhaps nickel. Unlike many flashlights in the bullet style, this flashlight does not have a segmented detachable rear cap on the bullet end; rather, the casing is made of one piece. The batteries, therefore, would need to be installed from the front.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5fz-GSrEb0FQh7G83h3utHmRFlbFjX7HSyAZX1Ie5wRtgaUIEP1weD8N_YiWtsZxqkuytAG2Jo6cbxhesD9QHGSM7_U8JDA8fJP0B_X2-AqoqFUpod8cTwkNTGYaSxIpPnS6uzpTWvJQ/s1600/Photo+Jul+28%252C+11+58+39+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5fz-GSrEb0FQh7G83h3utHmRFlbFjX7HSyAZX1Ie5wRtgaUIEP1weD8N_YiWtsZxqkuytAG2Jo6cbxhesD9QHGSM7_U8JDA8fJP0B_X2-AqoqFUpod8cTwkNTGYaSxIpPnS6uzpTWvJQ/s640/Photo+Jul+28%252C+11+58+39+AM.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #3: While the flashlight has retained much of its reflective brilliance, it is pitted with small scratches and puncture marks.</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYEL9E1muAlIyZ3OdxFH_NbLYUqos-YyeGkXFBsp2iTlWs2ng_2ncz8_YYDNGwlzIvAereuLrACCP6sfwLpj-6siR_-pquT5vjm06yW5lxSi4t2f9pPWMfF4de8acF4oIkqdKwrH0TW8E/s1600/Photo+Nov+11%252C+10+21+31+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYEL9E1muAlIyZ3OdxFH_NbLYUqos-YyeGkXFBsp2iTlWs2ng_2ncz8_YYDNGwlzIvAereuLrACCP6sfwLpj-6siR_-pquT5vjm06yW5lxSi4t2f9pPWMfF4de8acF4oIkqdKwrH0TW8E/s640/Photo+Nov+11%252C+10+21+31+AM.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #4: The flashlight is crushed, forming a lateral crease along its cylindrical axis.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photos #5, #6, and #7: A large puncture hole appears on the switch side of the flashlight casing on the bullet end.</b></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Inscription on the Switch</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The flashlight's switch plate is still present, but it is missing a slide or thumb-piece mechanism where only two recessed grooves now remain. A button on the switch is present but it is stuck in place. The switch carries an inscription:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">PAT. DEC. 20, 1921</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7G1MQhxEqFXAlLbpJwFyFIEUuudRvKMcJjKh1O6HPSFSYhPRj8eIIcFCLvjJCiHKBhw565kFI8mxLJlRvCoD5KTx0Aq8JMqCc2xFdfepq5nvV4YP1dHTm4OCSd7nYtUdF6Zxs3nomues/s1600/Photo+Nov+11%252C+10+09+39+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7G1MQhxEqFXAlLbpJwFyFIEUuudRvKMcJjKh1O6HPSFSYhPRj8eIIcFCLvjJCiHKBhw565kFI8mxLJlRvCoD5KTx0Aq8JMqCc2xFdfepq5nvV4YP1dHTm4OCSd7nYtUdF6Zxs3nomues/s640/Photo+Nov+11%252C+10+09+39+AM.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #8: The dated inscription on the flashlight switch</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>The Patent</i></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The patent to which the flashlight's inscription refers is U.S. Patent No. 15,249, a utility patent that was reissued on the inscription date (December 20, 1921) and that was originally filed on April 4, 1918 and granted as U.S. Patent No. 1,287,262 on December 10, 1918. The patent applicant was John T. Drufva of Longmeadow, Massachusetts, who filed as assignor to the Henry Hyman & Co., Inc. of New York, New York.<span style="color: blue;"><b><u>[2]</u></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This patent's key refinement to flashlight design was a dual control system for closing the circuit of the light by using either the button on the switch or the switch's sliding thumb piece. Pushing the button on the switch allowed for "flashing" the light, "as in giving signals." The slider, by contrast, allowed for "a more or less permanent or steady light" to be emitted from the flashlight.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGtIUVJelG_Sj_kfHA_TSsE9ASin0h_NC6n0TsIrYEyf0V1P2LS460OCeRY1Rg6YPnsyq04cQ7Po4e8pEEzGEJYAM_Iya3w87_RNPikkYHoBNok0ukFyXW0iGsDzDB6b7vg-bKeIboYFA/s1600/Photo+Jul+01%252C+6+20+32+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGtIUVJelG_Sj_kfHA_TSsE9ASin0h_NC6n0TsIrYEyf0V1P2LS460OCeRY1Rg6YPnsyq04cQ7Po4e8pEEzGEJYAM_Iya3w87_RNPikkYHoBNok0ukFyXW0iGsDzDB6b7vg-bKeIboYFA/s400/Photo+Jul+01%252C+6+20+32+PM.png" width="300" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #9: The first page of the patent corresponding to the date on the flashlight switch.</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo75_C_NL41MmGiKrCNuIaSw9FxGFCc-UlBJarf4LZhSPOQ2vnyn9WoX2ePL9pAS_uZZRbIjMXd0hZoBEnMqtmnIKF1IbA2vORr4Ct99rFsoJeE2s3mXyjXwOZAUcpAKQ21cCeEegQD1c/s1600/Photo+Jul+02%252C+7+05+16+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo75_C_NL41MmGiKrCNuIaSw9FxGFCc-UlBJarf4LZhSPOQ2vnyn9WoX2ePL9pAS_uZZRbIjMXd0hZoBEnMqtmnIKF1IbA2vORr4Ct99rFsoJeE2s3mXyjXwOZAUcpAKQ21cCeEegQD1c/s400/Photo+Jul+02%252C+7+05+16+AM.png" width="300" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #10: The artifact flashlight's switch alongside its depiction in the corresponding patent drawing.</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>Date Range of the Flashlight: The Effective Term of the Patent</i></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The patent is a utility patent. From 1861 to 1994, utility patents had a term of 17 years from the grant date.<u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[3]</u> Even though the patent is a reissue patent, having been reissued on a date three years later than the original patent, by law its duration did not extend beyond that allowed with the original grant date of December 10. 1918.<u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[4]</u> Therefore, the patent expired 17 years after the original grant date, on December 10, 1935.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">At the time of this patent's issue, U.S. patent law, as set forth in Wilson v. Singer Manufacturing Company (1879), did not forbid the marking of patent information on products beyond the date of the patent's expiration. The presumption was that the relevant members of the public would be "presumed to know the law as well as the patentee" regarding the expiration date.<u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[5]</u> (Patent law in the 21st century has become more restrictive on this point.<u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[6]</u>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Even though the law permitted it, there was no legitimate reason to mark flashlights with this patent information beyond the date of December 10, 1935. The invention's protection had by then passed into public domain. Therefore, it would seem reasonable to presume that the flashlight found in the village was manufactured between 1921 and 1935, and no later than that date.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Photographs collected from the website of the <a href="http://www.flashlightmuseum.com/" target="_blank">Flashlight Museum</a> appear to support this idea that the term of the patent and the manufacture dates of flashlights inscribed with this patent date coincide. Photographs of flashlights on this website show that certain models sold between 1928 and 1936 have the same inscription as the one found on Nikumaroro. None were found labeled as having been made or sold after 1936, or before 1928. The dates provided by this website, however, are meant only as a guide and would need independent corroboration from advertisements and trade literature to be absolutely certain of their accuracy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Who Made the Flashlight?</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Based on the patent information inscribed on the flashlight, its manufacturer is believed to be the United States Electrical Mfg. Corp., maker of USALite brand flashlights. This belief is based on three distinct sources of information:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1) Henry Hyman, assignee of the patent, was president of the United States Electrical Mfg. Corp., maker of USALite flashlights.<span style="color: blue;"><b><u>[7]</u></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">2) With one exception (Perko), the only flashlights observed to have had the same inscription and switch as the artifact were those branded as USALite.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0azKKrUNaJvn45ifjuKDMUzlZKzHAPxWfVDl5qQ5QKdCIy_p7DAaDwEJ0qw9UPXb4gsJEgRVdTWXwdhngnIsZXkje7djceb_YXdNjqYQFsWbXiQraWor0BFhZIXokn6m7eJjI8tMG1GM/s1600/Photo+Jul+05%252C+9+24+56+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0azKKrUNaJvn45ifjuKDMUzlZKzHAPxWfVDl5qQ5QKdCIy_p7DAaDwEJ0qw9UPXb4gsJEgRVdTWXwdhngnIsZXkje7djceb_YXdNjqYQFsWbXiQraWor0BFhZIXokn6m7eJjI8tMG1GM/s320/Photo+Jul+05%252C+9+24+56+PM.png" width="240" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #11: Perkins Perko boat-mounted flashlights are the only flashlights thus far located other than USALite that carry the same inscription as the artifact.<span style="color: blue;"><u>[8]</u></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">3) A flashlight advertisement from the 1930s confirms that USALite flashlights were using the switch described in U.S. Patent 15,249. The advertisement states the flashlight had a "3 point safety contact switch for continuous, signal lighting and complete shut-off."<span style="color: blue;"><b><u>[9]</u></b></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhMZhau3WcV5RmxsyukuggJ45SBOV_FwGdyPx0gWVVN7mqBfpTf2rZ9Y8X2DMLP13LFWeNY8YutKDxVJVc57XGy0rNFV1g3qyb_FC5LXxNcMnk-zbbnBCYRCqYySQ8T9ZBdKwSnzKhIuE/s1600/Photo+Nov+18%252C+2+29+38+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhMZhau3WcV5RmxsyukuggJ45SBOV_FwGdyPx0gWVVN7mqBfpTf2rZ9Y8X2DMLP13LFWeNY8YutKDxVJVc57XGy0rNFV1g3qyb_FC5LXxNcMnk-zbbnBCYRCqYySQ8T9ZBdKwSnzKhIuE/s320/Photo+Nov+18%252C+2+29+38+PM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJdAJjGfbNFs36ix1YzjrChdjPbkCCs9m-yEzliZ5ci8kC4mGFkh7s9o6GJj47PoDiaRHwpEhCZTrc6-fsz3JF3H2sV1dDJlt6h843udcZdHnRAF9LX2vBW4yoKTF8VYfDM1dkNu66NHE/s1600/Photo+Nov+18%252C+2+29+46+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJdAJjGfbNFs36ix1YzjrChdjPbkCCs9m-yEzliZ5ci8kC4mGFkh7s9o6GJj47PoDiaRHwpEhCZTrc6-fsz3JF3H2sV1dDJlt6h843udcZdHnRAF9LX2vBW4yoKTF8VYfDM1dkNu66NHE/s320/Photo+Nov+18%252C+2+29+46+PM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghfAXrQg2CW5uq0Mzw9Mx7ABHct0wUE1rT_x8ByRvvnsqlFK4qZ1Mjeq7zjoHcGn3c1xK6h-vtEgGzEE6LmxKY3ZVKJ__LoPmJlFOEq04BXBLWrU9xeunE6CUWqxOd3YoSCKYvguZQ8wQ/s1600/Photo+Nov+18%252C+2+29+59+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghfAXrQg2CW5uq0Mzw9Mx7ABHct0wUE1rT_x8ByRvvnsqlFK4qZ1Mjeq7zjoHcGn3c1xK6h-vtEgGzEE6LmxKY3ZVKJ__LoPmJlFOEq04BXBLWrU9xeunE6CUWqxOd3YoSCKYvguZQ8wQ/s320/Photo+Nov+18%252C+2+29+59+PM.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Photos #12, #13, and #14: USALite "Redhead" model with the same switch inscription as the artifact</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQh0P2qFI2y6aomEB9tMfoyQJSiYLLYKnLGD7vo2O1JOXvRsYqqtzOj3n9HOtiks60Pj8tB5OX-ltn-c-IDSw4_3XmSavHVyNsxLXfWyPDJdCAeHk7HT82AficeHhZHZiltJA7gCecKHI/s1600/Photo+Nov+18%252C+2+13+21+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1224" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQh0P2qFI2y6aomEB9tMfoyQJSiYLLYKnLGD7vo2O1JOXvRsYqqtzOj3n9HOtiks60Pj8tB5OX-ltn-c-IDSw4_3XmSavHVyNsxLXfWyPDJdCAeHk7HT82AficeHhZHZiltJA7gCecKHI/s640/Photo+Nov+18%252C+2+13+21+PM.jpg" width="488" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #15: 1930s advertisement for USALite "Redhead"</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Admittedly, information regarding the manufacturing company of the flashlight adds little knowledge that the patent did not already provide. The patent already tells us the flashlight was a product of the United States and that it was manufactured in the 1920s or the 1930s. However, narrowing the flashlight's manufacturer to a single brand of a single company could perhaps aid additional future research in narrowing the exact production dates of this particular flashlight found on the island.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipNP45IaQtgmPIyV3I165_jsK7bhXwnczoLHkub4ORSKfZnBAyFV_vUa6Bu46sGgYf7Mb1kKziMHUMjozEuKAqcHg11IjUcecGx1KR-daQvFppSJbnckhSZcwkb01nxoq9jDva95o74ko/s1600/Photo+Oct+03%252C+10+21+54+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipNP45IaQtgmPIyV3I165_jsK7bhXwnczoLHkub4ORSKfZnBAyFV_vUa6Bu46sGgYf7Mb1kKziMHUMjozEuKAqcHg11IjUcecGx1KR-daQvFppSJbnckhSZcwkb01nxoq9jDva95o74ko/s640/Photo+Oct+03%252C+10+21+54+AM.png" width="480" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #16: A letter on official company stationery from the United States Electrical Mfg. Corp.<span style="color: blue;"><u>[10]</u></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Who or What Brought this Flashlight to the Village?</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Flashlights are enormously useful on Nikumaroro. Anyone who occupied or visited the island from 1921 to the present date in theory could have brought this flashlight to the village. There is no reason to exclude any particular person or group from consideration, although probabilities will, of course, vary.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Loran Unit 92: The Coast Guard (1944-1946)</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">An American Coastguardsman from 1944 to 1946 could have brought the flashlight. He would have been carrying a flashlight at least nine years old, but flashlights have been known to last this long. A flashlight might also have been a good gift for a Coast Guardsman to pass on to a colonist.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>The Bushnell Survey Expedition (1939)</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The U.S. Navy surveyors who visited the island in 1939 aboard the U.S.S. <i>Bushnell</i> to do map work would be prime candidates to have brought the flashlight. An American in 1939 carrying a 1921-1935 flashlight made in the U.S. is an entirely plausible proposition.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>The Nikumaroro Colony (1939-1963)</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A 1939 inventory of "Goods in hand" drafted by the British colony's first officer-in-charge, Gerald Gallagher, shows two entries for "Torches A and B."<u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[11]</u> Torch is, of course, the British term for flashlight. While one might expect flashlights on Nikumaroro brought by the colony to be British in origin, it is not beyond possibility that American flashlights might have been stocked in the Gardner Island Co-operative store, or that a colonist could have been given the flashlight by a Coast Guardsman or found it in the Coast Guard Loran station after its abandonment in 1946.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>The Norwich City (1929)</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The British freighter <i>Norwich City</i> ran aground on the island in 1929. Again, while we would expect flashlights aboard this ship to be British in origin, an American flashlight may have been welcome if it was available. The date on which the ship came to grief is positioned exactly midway between the flashlight patent's grant and expiration dates.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Amelia Earhart (1937)</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Luke Field inventory, documenting the equipment aboard the Electra on the first world flight attempt, lists several flashlights.<u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[12]</u> They include:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">2 Two-Cell Eveready Flashlights</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1 Small 2-cell Flashlight, made in Japan and</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1 Pencil type flashlight</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Four flashlights were thus carried aboard the first world flight attempt of the Electra. It may be presumed that some were carried aboard the second attempt.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">While none of these flashlights corresponds to the one found on Nikumaroro, that does not preclude the possibility the flashlight found on Nikumaroro was from the Electra. Obviously, a working flashlight is practically a requirement for any airplane pilot, even today.<span style="color: blue;"><b><u>[13]</u></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Conclusions</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The term of the U.S. patent on the flashlight places it well within range of Amelia Earhart's world flight, but nothing would have prevented the U.S.S. <i>Bushnell</i> survey crew or the Coast Guard or a raft of others as a depositional source. The artifact cannot by any means stand alone as a smoking gun to the Earhart mystery, but it is without a doubt intriguing, especially to those of us who collected it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Question for Further Research</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Can a sibling USALite flashlight be located that would enable us to pinpoint the date range of the artifact's manufacture more precisely?</span></div>
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<span style="color: #999999; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">__________________</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Endnotes</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[1]</u> Here is a list of artifacts found near the old village dispensary in 2017, in addition to the flashlight:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">3 or more folded circular foils (thick but pliable aluminum)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1 heliarc-welded aluminum tray with i-beam support slats</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1 Westclox clock movement from the 1950s</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Squarish bottle fragments, clear and green</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1 small tea plate with dividers and fleur-de-lis design</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1 aluminum belt buckle</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1 boot with 16 brass eyelets (some missing)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1 cosmetic cap for a Bourjois (Paris) jar</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Assorted corrugated iron debris and wooden posts</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1 Tri-Sure fuel drum plug</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #17: Map of all artifacts found in the old village in 2017</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Photo #18: Map of artifacts superimposed on the old village. Superimposition courtesy of Dr. Richard Pettigrew</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><u style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[2]</u> John T. Drufva, inventor; Henry Hyman & Co., assignee. Portable electric light. U.S. Patent 15,249. Filed November 8, 1920 and reissued December 20, 1921. Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office, Vol. 293, p. 577.</span></div>
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<u style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">[3]</u><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> "A Brief History of the Patent Law of the United States." Ladas & Parry. 19 Nov 2018. <a href="https://ladas.com/a-brief-history-of-the-patent-law-of-the-united-states-2/" target="_blank">https://ladas.com/a-brief-history-of-the-patent-law-of-the-united-states-2/</a></span></div>
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<u style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;"><br /></u></div>
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<u style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">[4]</u><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Charles B. Mann. <u>Handbook of Patent Law for Patent Owners</u>. Baltimore: Mann & Company, 1884, p. 49.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<u style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">[5]</u><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Josiah Hooker Bissell. <u>Cases Argued and Determined in the Circuit and District Courts of the United States: For the Seventh Judicial Circuit</u>. Vol. 9. Chicago: Callaghan and Company, 1882, pp. 173-177.</span></div>
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<u style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">[6]</u><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> "Using Expired Patent Numbers with Your Products Could Lead to Devastating Financial Losses." Davi and Kuelthau, Attorneys at Law. <a href="https://ono4p174nkhs68n5le94wblf-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/ExpiredPatentNumbers.pdf" target="_blank">https://ono4p174nkhs68n5le94wblf-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/ExpiredPatentNumbers.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 20 Nov 2018.</span></div>
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<u style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">[7]</u><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Obituary: Henry Hyman, 84, Founder of Noma Light Concern. 23 Dec 1970. The New York Times. Retrieved from <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/12/23/archives/henry-hyman-84-founder-of-noma-light-concern.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/1970/12/23/archives/henry-hyman-84-founder-of-noma-light-concern.html</a> 3 Jul 2018.</span></div>
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<u style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">[8]</u><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> "Perko, Marine Lamp." Worthpoint. <a href="https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/vintage-perkins-perko-marine-lamp-1790063824" target="_blank">https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/vintage-perkins-perko-marine-lamp-1790063824</a> 19 Nov 2018.</span></div>
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<u style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">[9]</u><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Provision of this advertisement was made possible by the work of Jim Roan, Librarian and Archivist at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Libraries, Washington, D.C. on 2 Oct 2018.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<u style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">[10]</u><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Provision of this letter was also made possible by the work of Jim Roan, Librarian and Archivist at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Libraries, Washington, D.C. on 2 Oct 2018.</span></div>
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<u style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">[11]</u><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Gerald Gallagher. Gardner Island Co-operative Store Statement for Year Ended Dec. 31, 1939. <a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Tarawa_Archives/1939_Co-op_Store/1939Co-opStore.html" target="_blank">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Tarawa_Archives/1939_Co-op_Store/1939Co-opStore.html</a> 20 Nov 2018.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<u style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">[12]</u><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Luke Field Inventory. <a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Luke_Field.html" target="_blank">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Luke_Field.html</a> 10 Oct 2018.</span></div>
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<u style="color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">[13]</u><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Richard L. Collins. "The Night the Lights went Out." Flying Magazine, March 1988, p. 25. 28 June 2018. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5wvChb_1tvAC&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=the+night+the+lights+went+out+flying+magazine+march+1988&source=bl&ots=KUhlHpm84t&sig=egCLuy97oHSyRP-1bT3v_cxn530&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjR-fjkmeTeAhUuooMKHSDRCCUQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=the%20night%20the%20lights%20went%20out%20flying%20magazine%20march%201988&f=false" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5wvChb_1tvAC&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=the+night+the+lights+went+out+flying+magazine+march+1988&source=bl&ots=KUhlHpm84t&sig=egCLuy97oHSyRP-1bT3v_cxn530&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjR-fjkmeTeAhUuooMKHSDRCCUQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=the%20night%20the%20lights%20went%20out%20flying%20magazine%20march%201988&f=false</a></span></div>
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Joe Cernigliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17410570808333784643noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-22768893710581272562018-11-17T16:56:00.000-08:002018-11-18T03:16:07.304-08:00Q & A on TIGHAR Forum Analysis of Microphone Connector<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">By Joe Cerniglia</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><b>Preface:</b> </i>TIGHAR's Amelia Earhart Research Forum recently weighed in regarding my artifact report on the microphone connector found in the colonial village on Nikumaroro in 2017. To read this evaluation, click here:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://tighar.org/smf/index.php/topic,2037.0.html" target="_blank">Artifact Evaluation - Microphone Connector</a></span><br />
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To read the original paper on this blog to which the Forum responded, click here:<br />
<a href="https://ameliaearhartarchaeology.blogspot.com/2018/10/connections-of-wayward-microphone.html" target="_blank">Connections of a Wayward Microphone Connector</a><br />
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I appreciate the Forum's efforts to analyze this complex artifact. Here is a basic Q&A to respond to this latest research effort:<br />
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Q. Richard Gillespie asked on the Forum, "Is this artifact (the microphone connector) of any significance?" How would you respond?<br />
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A. The question lies at the root of why one investigates an artifact. I believe all artifacts are significant to the extent that they represent a human life or lives. To greater and lesser degrees, every object has a history and, therefore, a story. Is Amelia Earhart's story more worthwhile than that of an anonymous colonist or member of the Coast Guard? I think the answer to that question depends largely upon the skills of the storyteller.<br />
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To improve one's ability in recognizing an artifact as potentially belonging to Amelia Earhart, one must study many artifacts that are not part of Earhart's story, but rather are part of the known story of Nikumaroro. Each artifact represents a learning experience, whether related to Amelia Earhart or not.<br />
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Regardless of known or suspected provenance, all artifacts are difficult to analyze.<br />
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Q. Has the artifact been misidentified?<br />
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A. No. The artifact was identified as an Amphenol 80-Series microphone connector, based on the inscription on its surface, which reads:<br />
<b>Amphenol</b><br />
<b>80-Series</b><br />
<b>Chicago</b><br />
The 80-Series was specifically marketed as a microphone connector in every Amphenol catalog, Amphenol advertisement and trade publication mention of Amphenol we have been able to obtain.<br />
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<b>Photo #1: the Amphenol 80-Series microphone connector with inscription</b></div>
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<b>Photo #2: the Amphenol 80-Series microphone connector listed in context with its counterpart series in the 1960 Allied Radio Catalog.<u><span style="color: blue;">[1]</span></u></b><br />
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Q. Did the blog article state the connector was from Amelia Earhart's Electra?</div>
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A. No. The article did not state any certainties beyond the basic identification of the artifact as a microphone connector. It did not state the artifact was Amelia Earhart's. In fact, it stated that there was a significant possibility it belonged to the Coast Guard Loran station two miles away, or to the radio hut in the colonial village .4 miles away.</div>
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Q. Because of the fact that it has a single prong, Richard Gillespie has stated the connector found on the island was a "contact connector," not a microphone connector. Do you have documentation that single-prong contact connectors were marketed as microphone connectors?</div>
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A. Yes. Based on the c.1948 Amphenol catalog, and on other Amphenol catalogs we have seen, the Amphenol single-prong contact connectors were marketed as microphone connectors.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0pFIz_XxLdouWDOAWA0S63oPy7TdZbCGIQFRN_Gofk626hIO9qBd9jvjyeF7FzAVNoQNsRKSzzAX1sF_Cj_yOh7jMebPuwLoo8gOoqePpGsudAEPiDKdC0Z7GxHVsWMoSXw8vn_AdT5Q/s1600/Photo+Sep+27%252C+11+51+04+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0pFIz_XxLdouWDOAWA0S63oPy7TdZbCGIQFRN_Gofk626hIO9qBd9jvjyeF7FzAVNoQNsRKSzzAX1sF_Cj_yOh7jMebPuwLoo8gOoqePpGsudAEPiDKdC0Z7GxHVsWMoSXw8vn_AdT5Q/s400/Photo+Sep+27%252C+11+51+04+AM.jpg" width="300" /></a></div>
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<b>Photo #3: Close view of the single prong of the Amphenol microphone connector</b></div>
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<b>Photo #4: Amphenol c.1948 Catalog listing of "Single Contact Microphone Connectors"</b><b><u><span style="color: blue;">[2]</span></u></b></div>
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Q. Were these single contact microphone connectors ever marketed as having been used on radios?</div>
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A. Yes. A circa 1969 Amphenol catalog specifically states that single-contact microphone connectors were used on "transmitters."<span style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[<u>3</u>]</span> A circa 1956 catalog makes no distinction between the number of contacts used in a connector and the fact that these connectors were used in transmitters.</span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">[<u>4</u>]</span> Transmitters are the principal component required to use a microphone with a radio.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIqk04E_HO9TbsmjiRVr7C6NOl6tpJX52LBhqHLN7zI1xnd3mytZ_NR2WaHT6-w6_x5-NUEcKo290rX4pZH757MdtV-c1DJVhnfWl-yK1mDI7AoPMr1OX1XiweACaPqGIJyx2Xrkneoiw/s1600/Photo+Oct+27%252C+10+02+34+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1224" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIqk04E_HO9TbsmjiRVr7C6NOl6tpJX52LBhqHLN7zI1xnd3mytZ_NR2WaHT6-w6_x5-NUEcKo290rX4pZH757MdtV-c1DJVhnfWl-yK1mDI7AoPMr1OX1XiweACaPqGIJyx2Xrkneoiw/s640/Photo+Oct+27%252C+10+02+34+AM.jpg" width="488" /></a></div>
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<b>Photo #5: Amphenol c.1969 Catalog details single-contact microphone connectors used with transmitters</b></div>
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Q. Were these single-contact microphone connectors used on the type of transmitter and microphone that Amelia Earhart brought with her on the world flight?</div>
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A. Perhaps not. Based on equipment recorded in the Luke Field inventory (documenting Earhart's first world flight attempt), Earhart most likely had a push-to-talk microphone aboard. A Forum member states that a push-to-talk microphone requires three prongs on its connector.<span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[<u>5</u>]</span><span style="text-align: center;"> We have found supporting evidence that this may be true. A 1963 trade publication lists a Shure model 440SL "grip-to-talk" microphone and then lists one of its components as an "Amphenol MC3M plug."</span><span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[<u>6</u>]</span><span style="text-align: center;"> Amphenol catalogs list these MC3M plugs as part of the 91-Series.</span><span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[<u>7</u>]</span><span style="text-align: center;"> The "3" in the part number signifies that it has three prongs. The artifact has one prong.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHqkzjf7i2MUWzNbCjdominMcZJwEjtgMB8vU8M_qt6j__ooHvCEWyOqzuvGKkDC55E-kyXWLI4at79pcbVWd53Htg76A1AU29glwKJ78A_3o4XqlKakEnW4NAFVgLXHyxK5tAeBP9dAI/s1600/Photo+Oct+25%252C+7+05+38+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1169" data-original-width="1600" height="465" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHqkzjf7i2MUWzNbCjdominMcZJwEjtgMB8vU8M_qt6j__ooHvCEWyOqzuvGKkDC55E-kyXWLI4at79pcbVWd53Htg76A1AU29glwKJ78A_3o4XqlKakEnW4NAFVgLXHyxK5tAeBP9dAI/s640/Photo+Oct+25%252C+7+05+38+AM.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Photo #6: Advertisement for Shure grip-to-talk microphone (highlighted in yellow).</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_9s756qVcp4IpahRVE98rhE8qk90mDtNkzuyy548m6LIH95Nz1ndq5rzVdJiFfK0MXSQuRnDXsPu1Ec8-t4W69Aq5rMX6Ye1eVhYPl1IWyyIOP3a_wEoyQBYAyjQOgBDFQoN2gyiEry4/s1600/Photo+Sep+23%252C+8+55+08+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="603" data-original-width="583" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_9s756qVcp4IpahRVE98rhE8qk90mDtNkzuyy548m6LIH95Nz1ndq5rzVdJiFfK0MXSQuRnDXsPu1Ec8-t4W69Aq5rMX6Ye1eVhYPl1IWyyIOP3a_wEoyQBYAyjQOgBDFQoN2gyiEry4/s400/Photo+Sep+23%252C+8+55+08+AM.jpg" width="385" /></a></div>
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<b>Photo #7: Amphenol c.1948 Catalog listing for MC3M microphone connector.</b></div>
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Q. Richard Gillespie stated the microphone connector would have been used with a movie projector in the Coast Guard Loran station. What evidence exists for this statement?</div>
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A. This is an interesting anecdote. A source citation would be helpful.</div>
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Q. Beyond Earhart's push-to-talk microphone and her transmitter, are there any other possible uses aboard the Electra for an Amphenol single-contact microphone connector?</div>
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A. Yes. The paper stated: "Both <b>headphones</b> and microphones are items that use microphone connectors to bring the cord to the chassis of the transmitter or receiver."<span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[<u>8</u>]</span><span style="text-align: center;"> The Amphenol c.1969 Catalog stated that single contact microphone connectors were used with headphones.</span><span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[<u>9</u>]</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirm8Jwywbi-2xjq-tk8BauKuy_EAsQwJN_LCwlVWc1VMTEkI8v1NPiltucCn8qVWHIw5NV6gyJ30T7w3Uu0ACStaOBk4YamnueYHsL5LHo9AyplJascIzUcNwAzkw1oZxoEQpcpEEuNwk/s1600/Photo+Oct+26%252C+1+11+00+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1224" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirm8Jwywbi-2xjq-tk8BauKuy_EAsQwJN_LCwlVWc1VMTEkI8v1NPiltucCn8qVWHIw5NV6gyJ30T7w3Uu0ACStaOBk4YamnueYHsL5LHo9AyplJascIzUcNwAzkw1oZxoEQpcpEEuNwk/s640/Photo+Oct+26%252C+1+11+00+PM.jpg" width="488" /></a></div>
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<b>Photo #8: Amphenol c.1969 Catalog details </b><b>single-contact microphone connectors used with headphones.</b></div>
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Earhart's receiver, which was a potential attachment point for microphone connectors used with headphones, was mounted beneath the right seat in the cockpit.<span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[<u>10</u>]</span><span style="text-align: center;"> It would seem that a simple headphone set, used for receiving voice with no push-to-talk mechanism, would not require a three-pronged connector. A single-prong connector would probably suffice, but documentation is needed to be certain.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;">A photo of the underside of the copilot seat in the cockpit would be useful to see what kind of connectors were used to bring Earhart's headphone cord to the chassis of her Western Electric 20B receiver. The artifact microphone connector could also function as part of a patch cord extender for the headphones. It need not have been necessary to use it directly on the receiver chassis.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;">Q. Were headphones in use on Nikumaroro?</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;">A. Almost certainly. We have a photo (see <a href="https://ameliaearhartarchaeology.blogspot.com/2018/10/connections-of-wayward-microphone.html" target="_blank">original paper</a>) that showed a Coast Guardsman using headphones in a Coast Guard Loran station. We know the colony had a radio hut. Headphones were practically a requirement in these situations.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio5O0IFL7Gpb6oR9Nfq_i-PBkaPoPThuvtiTEufif0JmcFCNL4mwoxEz-LNampKXUNR9Ta8lJ6RtbDpJwvYHwHn4N-snH03GaX-wE72-mSXgB_A_OR48unzN8cWVSu9XuOJ_ALuvkum3c/s1600/Photo+Sep+25%252C+10+49+27+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio5O0IFL7Gpb6oR9Nfq_i-PBkaPoPThuvtiTEufif0JmcFCNL4mwoxEz-LNampKXUNR9Ta8lJ6RtbDpJwvYHwHn4N-snH03GaX-wE72-mSXgB_A_OR48unzN8cWVSu9XuOJ_ALuvkum3c/s640/Photo+Sep+25%252C+10+49+27+AM.png" width="480" /></a></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;"><b>Photo #9: Advertisement for radio equipment commonly in use on Pacific islands prior to World War II</b></span><span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[</span><u style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">11</u><span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">]</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;">Q. Were Amphenol microphone connectors used for applications that included microphones but not radios?</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;">A. Yes. The connectors were used for amplifiers. An amplifier can be used for a radio but also may be used for a public address system, or for stereo equipment such as phonograph players. The 1969 catalog lists other non-radio uses of a microphone connector such as "home recorders."</span><span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[<u>12</u>]</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;">Q. Were Amphenol microphone connectors used for applications that included radios but not microphones?</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;">A. Yes. See the section on headphones above.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;">Q. Were Amphenol microphone connectors used for applications that included neither radios nor microphones?</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;">A. Yes. The 1969 Amphenol catalog lists "theft alarms" and "coin-operated devices" as potential uses.</span><span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[<u>13</u>]</span><span style="text-align: center;"> The circa 1956 catalog lists "model railroad equipment" and "pin ball games."</span><span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[<u>14</u>]</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;">Q. Why didn't you mention these other applications in your paper?</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;">A. The paper detailed the uses of microphone connectors most likely to have been encountered on the island. There were radios used in both the colonial village radio hut and in the U.S. Coast Guard Loran station. These radios seem the likeliest application for the microphone connector that was found in the colonial village. Theft alarms, coin-operated devices, model railroad sets and pinball equipment all seem unlikely to have been found on Nikumaroro, but further research from the Amelia Earhart Search Forum, and other blogs and individuals may say otherwise.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;">Q. Someone on the Forum stated that the connector can be dated on the basis of what it is made of (nickel or chrome), that the nickel connectors are older than chrome connectors. Is that true?</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;">A. The idea that materials analysis could prove helpful in dating the artifact would be true if our documentation about the kinds of materials used on these connectors were not as complete as it is, and if the inscription on the artifact were not so unambiguous. The Amphenol catalogs clearly show the opposite of what the Forum stated. Nickel-plated microphone connectors are not older than chrome-plated ones; rather, they are younger. Starting in 1960, only the 91-Series was offered in "satin nickel."</span><span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[<u>15</u>]</span><span style="text-align: center;"> The other series (75s and 80s) were consistently offered as chrome-plated from the 1930s to the 1970s. Since the artifact's inscription shows it to be a member of the 80-Series, and since the 80-Series was consistently offered in chrome, any materials analysis would have no power to discriminate as to date of manufacture.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;">Q. Richard Gillespie states the wire on the connector was "pulled off" by colonists as a means of procuring a tool. Are there any additional possibilities for how the connector got separated from its trailing wire?</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;">A. While it is possible the colonists modified the artifact, there are other scenarios the paper mentioned that do not involve contact with colonists at all. The island has been uninhabited for 55 years, longer than the actual Nikumaroro colony existed (1939-1963). The small abrasions on the microphone connector surfaces are consistent with what would be produced by tumbling from ocean deposition. This tumbling action, and time spent in the water, is sufficient to degrade significantly, without human assistance, the external cord that was once attached to the connector.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;">Q. Has the Amelia Earhart Search Forum ruled out the possibility the connector may possibly have been from Amelia Earhart's Electra?</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;">A. As of this writing, it would not seem so. I appreciate the Forum's efforts to preclude the possibility the microphone connector is an artifact from the Electra. This effort, if successful, would add greatly to our knowledge of this artifact. I recognize, however, that proving the provenance of any artifact beyond a reasonable doubt is difficult. Even the in-depth research provided on this blog was insufficient to do this. I have felt that the best approach in reporting on this artifact is to leave open all of the possibilities and to research each one as thoroughly as I can.</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; text-align: center;">Endnotes</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700;">[<u>1</u>]</span> Advertisement for Amphenol Microphone Connectors. Allied Radio Catalog, 1960, p. 189.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/" target="_blank">https://www.americanradiohistory.com</a> 1 Oct 2018.</div>
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<span style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>[</b></span><u style="color: blue; font-weight: 700;">2]</u> Amphenol Catalog: Radio Parts and Accessories, Synthetics for Electronics, High Frequency Cables and Connectors, 'A-N' Connectors and 'A-N' Fittings, c.1948, p. M-6. <a href="http://www.tubebooks.org/vintage_data.htm" target="_blank">http://www.tubebooks.org/vintage_data.htm</a>. 23 Sept 2018.</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[<u>3</u>]</span><span style="text-align: center;"> Amphenol General Line Catalog GL-2, c.1969, p. 5.</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[<u>4</u>]</span><span style="text-align: center;"> General Catalog of Amphenol Components, Catalog B2, c.1956, p. 38.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>[</b></span><u style="color: blue; font-weight: 700;">5</u><span style="color: blue;"><b>]</b></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;"><b> </b></span>The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery (TIGHAR). "Artifact Evaluation - microphone connector." Online posting. 16 Oct 2018. Amelia Earhart Search Forum.</span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://tighar.org/smf/index.php/topic,2037.0.html" target="_blank">https://tighar.org/smf/index.php/topic,2037.0.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[<u>6</u>]</span><span style="text-align: center;"> Advertisement for Shure microphones. Allied Radio Catalog, 1963, p. 244. <a href="htpps://www.americanradiohistory.com" target="_blank">htpps://www.americanradiohistory.com</a>. 1 Oct 2018.</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[<u>7</u>]</span><span style="text-align: center;"> Amphenol Catalog: Radio Parts and Accessories, Synthetics for Electronics, High Frequency Cables and Connectors, 'A-N' Connectors and 'A-N' Fittings, c.1948, p. M-6. <a href="http://www.tubebooks.org/vintage_data.htm" target="_blank">http://www.tubebooks.org/vintage_data.htm</a>. 23 Sept 2018.</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[<u>8</u>]</span><span style="text-align: center;"> Joseph Cerniglia. "Connections of a Wayward Microphone Connector." <i>Amelia Earhart Archaeology</i>, 12 Oct 2018. <a href="https://ameliaearhartarchaeology.blogspot.com/2018/10/connections-of-wayward-microphone.html" target="_blank">https://ameliaearhartarchaeology.blogspot.com/2018/10/connections-of-wayward-microphone.html</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[</span><u style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">9]</u><span style="text-align: center;"> Amphenol General Line Catalog GL-2, c.1969, p. 5.</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[<u>10</u></span><span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">]</span><span style="text-align: center;"> Michael Everette. "A Technical Analysis of the Western Electric Radio Communications Equipment Installed on Board Lockheed Electra NR16020" <a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Research/ResearchPapers/ElectraRadios/ElectraRadios.htm#4" target="_blank">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Research/ResearchPapers/ElectraRadios/ElectraRadios.htm#4</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700;">[</span><u style="color: blue; font-weight: 700;">11</u><span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700;">]</span> Advertisement for Amalgamated Wireless. <i>Pacific Islands Monthly</i>, September 1940, p. 68. 25 Sept 2018. <a href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-315984770/view?partid=nla.obj-315992495" target="_blank">https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-315984770/view?partid=nla.obj-315992495</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[<u>12</u></span><span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">]</span><span style="text-align: center;"> Amphenol General Line Catalog GL-2, c.1969, p. 5.</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[<u>13</u></span><span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">]</span><span style="text-align: center;"> Ibid., p. 5.</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[<u>14</u></span><span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">]</span><span style="text-align: center;"> General Catalog of Amphenol Components, Catalog B2, c.1956, p. 39.</span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">[<u>15</u></span><span style="color: blue; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;">]</span><span style="text-align: center;"> Advertisement for Amphenol Microphone Connectors, Allied Radio Catalog, 1960, p. 189. <a href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/" target="_blank">https://www.americanradiohistory.com</a>. 1 Oct 2018.</span></div>
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Joe Cernigliahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17410570808333784643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-59509866615772657622018-10-27T14:39:00.000-07:002018-10-27T14:39:07.648-07:00The 1940 Sextant Box Identified?Earhart researcher John Kada seems to have identified the sextant box found on Nikumaroro in 1940, through persistent research testing the hypothesis that it was lost during the survey work performed on the island by crews from the USS <i>Bushnell</i> in 1939. John has given me permission to cite the article he's published on his blog, so here it is: <b><span style="font-size: large;">https://gardnerghost.blogspot.com/2018/10/the-origin-of-nikumaroro-sextant-box.html.</span></b><br />
<br />
John's exemplary research thoroughly undercuts my conclusion -- shared with others in and around TIGHAR -- that the box was likely the property of Fred Noonan (as portrayed in both my novels, <i>Thirteen Bones</i> and <i>Amelia Earhart Unrescued</i>). Oh well, they're fiction.<br />
<br />
Good work, John!Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-25922653860330273062018-10-16T09:38:00.001-07:002018-10-16T09:38:17.939-07:00Tom Maxwell's Orona Atoll Hypothesis<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvXce6v8-g-4S4wXeomOBj83usSnONqqU1aag5C0yWDkcYwpvptCqtZukAC6MqfEfB388eeP850whQ2FT4lKSuQgisZU3iBUceo08kwmVi5Acy6Xe7X10JW50-Z2mMuLv9LE-OfBrk79o/s1600/Orona.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="624" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvXce6v8-g-4S4wXeomOBj83usSnONqqU1aag5C0yWDkcYwpvptCqtZukAC6MqfEfB388eeP850whQ2FT4lKSuQgisZU3iBUceo08kwmVi5Acy6Xe7X10JW50-Z2mMuLv9LE-OfBrk79o/s320/Orona.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Orona Atoll (Source: Wikipedia)</b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>Tom Maxwell and the
Orona Imagery</b></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
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I was unaware of Tom Maxwell’s Orona Hypothesis until he was
interviewed on Chris Williamson’s “Chasing Earhart” podcast, Episode 36 (<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://audioboom.com/posts/6680856-is-orona-island-hiding-a-secret-a-conversation-with-tom-maxwell">https://audioboom.com/posts/6680856-is-orona-island-hiding-a-secret-a-conversation-with-tom-maxwell</a></span>).
Mr. Maxwell was on Kanton Island (aka Canton) in 1972-75, tracking missiles
from Vandenberg Air Force Base that were splashing down in the vicinity; he
developed an interest in the Earhart/Noonan mystery and discovered a satellite
image that he believes shows the Electra at the bottom of the Orona (aka Hull
Island) lagoon. See <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.janeresture.com/kiribati_phoenix_group/hull.htm">http://www.janeresture.com/kiribati_phoenix_group/hull.htm</a></span>
for background data on Manra.<br />
<br />
Mr. Maxwell has developed his interpretation of the imagery
considerably in posts on the “Pacific Wrecks” forum (<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.pacificwrecks.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=14021">https://www.pacificwrecks.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=14021</a></span>;
see also <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.aquariusradar.com/AmeliaEarhartsplane.html">http://www.aquariusradar.com/AmeliaEarhartsplane.html</a></span>
). </div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Hypothesis</b></div>
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To account for his observation, Mr. Maxwell developed an
hypothesis that’s similar to the Nikumaroro Hypothesis in that he has Earhart
and Noonan flying southeast from the vicinity of Howland Island, but he posits
that Noonan, knowing that Canton Island had quite recently been occupied by
U.S. and British scientists observing the 1937 solar eclipse (<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2017/08/explore-space-eclipse-world-war-II-canton-island/">https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2017/08/explore-space-eclipse-world-war-II-canton-island/</a></span>),
had Earhart steer farther to the east, landing not at Nikumaroro but at Orona.
He proposes that they splashed down in the lagoon, and that the plane remains
there to this day.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOGVk-cw3J2LS6nvAL9NomaGj48msCc1dOde0FJcefODp98FTTsR64L0fagv7ZISTAI0NMePzOiX3xIjaON7StK4QMnlBdiF2xgnNHeEzOvq0zQYsZS3Z5c9QYWpq-kVpMCotLuDQOe_w/s1600/Doorwindscreenwing.1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="1057" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOGVk-cw3J2LS6nvAL9NomaGj48msCc1dOde0FJcefODp98FTTsR64L0fagv7ZISTAI0NMePzOiX3xIjaON7StK4QMnlBdiF2xgnNHeEzOvq0zQYsZS3Z5c9QYWpq-kVpMCotLuDQOe_w/s320/Doorwindscreenwing.1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>Satellite Image,
Marked by Mr. Maxwell<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>(Source: Tom Maxwell)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Complications</b></div>
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This perfectly plausible (I think) hypothesis is complicated
by the fact that Orona was occupied at the time, as the site of a coconut
planting/harvesting operation supervised by Capt. J.W. Jones, who had arrived
there with his Tokelauan Burns-Philp employees in May 1937. Lt. John Lambrecht
of USS <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Colorado</i> landed in the Orona
lagoon during the search for Earhart, and interviewed Jones, who reported no
aircraft landings (See <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://tighar.org/wiki/Hull_Island">https://tighar.org/wiki/Hull_Island</a></span>).<o:p></o:p></div>
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Mr. Maxwell posits that Jones and his employees didn’t see
or hear the Electra splash down because they were operating on the opposite end
of the atoll, some 5 miles away. This strikes me as reasonable, based on my
experience on Nikumaroro – if, of course, the plane went straight into the
lagoon without any circling around. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></div>
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But assuming Earhart and/or Noonan survived the landing, why didn’t they
go walkabout and find Jones and his colleagues? Mr. Maxwell proposes that
Japanese forces encamped on Nikumaroro came and abducted them. From here on his
hypothesis merges with the well-known Japanese Capture Hypothesis (c.f. <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Amelia-Earhart-Truth-Last-Second/dp/1620066688">https://www.amazon.com/Amelia-Earhart-Truth-Last-Second/dp/1620066688</a></span>),
and specifically with the postulates offered by Joe Klaas in his 1970 book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Amelia Earhart Lives</i> – though Mr.
Maxwell does not necessarily subscribe to the details of the Klaas hypothesis. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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There’s been a fair amount of discussion of Mr. Maxwell’s
observations – mixed up with the thinking of Joe Klaas and his advisor Joe
Gervais – on TIGHAR’s discussion forum; see <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://tighar.org/smf/index.php?topic=427.0">https://tighar.org/smf/index.php?topic=427.0</a></span>
and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://tighar.org/smf/index.php?topic=427.15">https://tighar.org/smf/index.php?topic=427.15</a>
</span>for examples.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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When I heard Mr. Maxwell’s “Chasing Amelia” podcast I was
intrigued, and puzzled by the imagery, but pretty startled by his notion of a
Japanese presence on Nikumaroro. We’ve found no historical, archaeological, or
other evidence of such a presence, though presumably it wouldn’t have left
much.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So I asked him about his research
and learned that the Japanese capture parts of his hypothesis are thus far based on
speculation.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">My Impression</b></div>
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On balance, I don’t think Mr. Maxwell’s hypothesis holds up;
it involves too much speculation and is encumbered by too many unlikely
variables. But there’s that image – which I have to admit looks to me an awful
lot like an Electra. But like a lot of satellite imagery, the one of the “plane
in the Orona lagoon” is pretty pixelated, and subject to interpretation. In
interpreting such things, the human mind is very prone to cognitive bias; we <u>want
</u>to see patterns, and we may “see” them even when they’re not there. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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We had an encounter with such bias in 2010, when someone
looking at Google Earth imagery saw what looked like the letters “ELP” spelled
out in coral in a pond at the southeast end of Nikumaroro. It sure did look
like “ELP,” and we imagined Earhart and Noonan spelling out a distress signal whose "H" had been lost to the elements.
We even wrote a song about it (To the tune of the Beatles’ “Help”). But when we
went to the pond and gave it a close look, there was simply nothing there but
natural shelving coral; we’d been bamboozled by bias. And in the 1938 airphotos
of Nikumaroro taken by the New Zealand Pacific Aviation Survey (<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://tighar.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Survey_(1938))">https://tighar.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Survey_(1938))</a></span>,
many of us could quite confidently see the outline of an Electra in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">scaevola</i> on Nikumaroro’s Nutiran shore
–albeit in one photo pointing northwest and in another southeast. Only when the
imagery was accurately scaled did we discover that the “Electra” was way too
big to be what we thought we saw. Which was comforting since the area had been
surveyed by our own field teams, revealing nothing.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Mr. Maxwell points out that when you look at imagery of the
bottom of the Orona lagoon <u>away</u> from the “plane’s” location – and innumerable
other places on the seafloor – you do <u>not</u> see Electra-shaped patterns of
pixels; it’s only at that one spot. In a 5 October 2018 email to me, he argues
for the likelihood that –<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">… </i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">the
pixels in the image are created by the L10E aircraft and not light and shadow
upon coral formations. In the thousands of miles of shallow oceans-maybe light
and shadow could create the exact likeness of a complex object. But such a rare
phenomenon of light and shadow, in the likely spot a skilled pilot and navigator
could find not far from their final destination, is extremely unlikely.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I</span> don’t have an
answer to this assertion, but I’m dubious; we don’t see “ELPs” scattered all
over Nikumaroro, either, but that doesn’t make our 2010 “ELP” meaningful. But
the patterns in the Orona lagoon <u>are</u> odd, and their location is intriguing.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Solution</b></div>
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There’s one obvious way to test the Orona Hypothesis. Mr.
Maxwell has plotted his ostensible Electra pretty precisely, and it’s not in
deep water. It looks to be a pretty simple piece of underwater archaeological
reconnaissance to check it out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Someone
ought to do it, but note: the inspection should be a piece of controlled,
planned, fully reported archaeological reconnaissance, not just some divers
with metal detectors poking around. And it needs to be done with full respect
for the Phoenix Islands environment and the regulations of the Phoenix Islands
Protected Area.<o:p></o:p></div>
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I’m grateful to Tom Maxwell, Joe Cerniglia, and Tukabu Teraroro for their
reviews of this paper in draft.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-74736275168839279552018-10-12T10:53:00.002-07:002019-04-28T12:25:19.154-07:00Connections of a Wayward Microphone Connector<h2 style="text-align: center;">
</h2>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><b>By Joe Cerniglia</b></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><b>Preface:</b> With the permission of the government of Kiribati, we brought back a number of artifacts from the 2017 visit to Nikumaroro, to analyze and in time return either to the island or to the government's custody elsewhere. Joe Cerniglia has taken the lead in their analysis. This report is the first of several that Joe has in preparation. They'll illustrate the range of historically interesting subjects -- including but by no means limited to the fates of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan -- that can be investigated on Nikumaroro. TFK</i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">On June 30,
2017, during the second day of the Betchart “In Search of Amelia Earhart”
expedition to Nikumaroro (a.k.a. Gardner Island), Dr. Kimberly Zimmerman found
a small cylindrical coaxial connector, just underneath a small mound of
deadfall in the colonial village, about 100 feet northwest of the fallen ruins
of the village co-operative store.</span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The connector
was found in what we colloquially call the “new village,” that portion of the settlement
that was developed after the death of its beloved first British administrator,
Gerald Gallagher. This section of the village appears to have been developed
primarily in the 1950s.<b><span style="color: blue;">[<u>1</u>]</span></b></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0dGwBbXHvVdRulCt1j-b7sGhdvUf-JLhCdbaAtN5Gw-AfW5IxapLX3rBRtrB8xnbj6DahN023yTnHtKJMHKiB758BIUNq0NFQpvtj3on9qQHvVyjb4pw411HuVQEgTcicQGiCbu-dVOU/s1600/Photo+Jun+30%252C+11+06+38+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0dGwBbXHvVdRulCt1j-b7sGhdvUf-JLhCdbaAtN5Gw-AfW5IxapLX3rBRtrB8xnbj6DahN023yTnHtKJMHKiB758BIUNq0NFQpvtj3on9qQHvVyjb4pw411HuVQEgTcicQGiCbu-dVOU/s640/Photo+Jun+30%252C+11+06+38+AM.jpg" width="480" /></a></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b style="font-family: "book antiqua", serif;"> Photo #1: The connector as discovered</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidugo12j34giScDVNRXr7aJjt6TUDNOgkv5HvqfLXF6CqLlqhtvoZzB4DS-5ON9sNp3BWHfm4swOe_Aty03S4DExSqxOAqU_DF0T99GprlLapAGTVh91in9DxLLoGPoNCEKG2fdRVCH5g/s1600/Photo+Sep+30%252C+1+01+26+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="937" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidugo12j34giScDVNRXr7aJjt6TUDNOgkv5HvqfLXF6CqLlqhtvoZzB4DS-5ON9sNp3BWHfm4swOe_Aty03S4DExSqxOAqU_DF0T99GprlLapAGTVh91in9DxLLoGPoNCEKG2fdRVCH5g/s640/Photo+Sep+30%252C+1+01+26+PM.jpg" width="372" /></a></div>
<b style="font-family: "book antiqua", serif;"><b style="font-family: "book antiqua", serif;">Photo #2: Close-up
of the connector.</b></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The connector
was resting among a cluster of other interesting artifacts. About sixteen
meters to its northeast, a small amber vial, colloquially known as the “Toluca
vial” was re-located, after having first been discovered in 2015. (For more on
the vial, see <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://ameliaearhartarchaeology.blogspot.com/2016/08/the-lady-and-lake-joe-cerniglias_8.html">https://ameliaearhartarchaeology.blogspot.com/2016/08/the-lady-and-lake-joe-cerniglias_8.html</a></span>.)
Roughly an equal distance due north of the connector was found, also in 2015,
fragments from two small flat oval jars, with matching caps. Only one intact jar survived.
This intact jar’s base was labeled “Bourjois,” a Parisian cosmetics company.
Roughly an equal distance south southeast of the connector was found a circular
metal object with triangular attachment points, with an inscribed part number
(9-S-4378-L). According to modern
aviation parts websites, such as wbparts.com, this part number represents a navigation
light.</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>2</u>]</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></span></span></span></a></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKxTZbU1lO_Q1LzMNvYMxrEEWrGK619lHFQnZb98EL75bwFHWVeyWVapQstzIUP9FiJKloEXHtIPwyq9sW8veg3iut_H-ie_Eyj_u7S2ImxTEhZZIqhZytekiJ373JDbQ8YCTmlY0v24I/s1600/Photo+Sep+30%252C+3+50+10+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1033" data-original-width="1600" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKxTZbU1lO_Q1LzMNvYMxrEEWrGK619lHFQnZb98EL75bwFHWVeyWVapQstzIUP9FiJKloEXHtIPwyq9sW8veg3iut_H-ie_Eyj_u7S2ImxTEhZZIqhZytekiJ373JDbQ8YCTmlY0v24I/s400/Photo+Sep+30%252C+3+50+10+PM.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></span></span></span></a></span>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b>Photo #3: </b></span><b style="font-family: "book antiqua", serif;">Map of
objects found. With the exception of the Bourjois jars, locations were plotted
with a Polar V800 GPS watch.</b></b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><br /></span></b>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>Artifact Description</i></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This
connector measures 1.5 inches in length. The mounting hole is 7/16 inches in
diameter, and the microphone cable hole at its opposite end is also 7/16 inches
in diameter. These connectors were built with a spring cord protector
protruding from the cable hole. </span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDaNM3npC0i7s_P6nfDPIBjN_bTlM2VLGGDJ1K092v3BstDcYmu52i5yi1oGqB0gwbUS2Pj_2jicxeH2IFkQdL7VlDk-UpWkPe9S_W6mc1m-0p2Jid9H4MnpTcOBbMrOOQnpWNPHq8aw/s1600/Photo+Sep+30%252C+1+01+26+PM+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDaNM3npC0i7s_P6nfDPIBjN_bTlM2VLGGDJ1K092v3BstDcYmu52i5yi1oGqB0gwbUS2Pj_2jicxeH2IFkQdL7VlDk-UpWkPe9S_W6mc1m-0p2Jid9H4MnpTcOBbMrOOQnpWNPHq8aw/s400/Photo+Sep+30%252C+1+01+26+PM+%25281%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b>Photo #4: Artifact connector alongside a pristine sibling </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b>with a spring
cord protector</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The spring
cord protector on this connector has either broken off or rusted away. The
spring, if present, would have reduced the clearance of the cable by 1/8
inches.</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>3</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "book antiqua", serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When held vertically with its mounting
end facing up, a three-line inscription on the artifact is visible. Above and
below this inscription, two oxidized circular spots where small screws were
once placed may be seen. The piece is pitted with tiny scratches and reddish
oxidation marks. A knurled coupling ring is present near the mounting hole, but
it has been shifted off its track so that it is stuck in place. A nub of wire,
3/16 inches in width, which has been bent in upon itself since it was
collected, trails from the cable end. The artifact weighs 22.17 grams.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>The Artifact Inscription</i></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Inscribed in
the center of the artifact are 3 printed lines. The first line is in sans serif
block lettering, each letter of equal height. The line reads:</span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>AMPHENOL</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The second
line is also in sans serif block lettering, slightly smaller in font size than
the top line. The line reads:</span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">CHICAGO</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The third and
last line is also in sans serif, equal in font size to the second line. It
reads:</span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">80-SERIES</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>The Amphenol
Corporation: A Brief History</i></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The company
whose name is inscribed on the connector, Amphenol, was formed as the American
Phenolic Corporation in 1932 by Arthur John Schmitt, an aviator, inventor and
businessman who had predicted the then-emerging radio industry’s need for
innovative radio parts. Amphenol survives today and is best known for its
lightweight, durable, and high-performance circular connectors. During World
War II, according to one biography, Schmitt’s company “made about 62 percent of
all the electrical connectors used in U.S. planes.”</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>4</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> The company also made connectors for civilian uses as a wholesale supplier to radio
manufacturers and retail supplier to hobbyists. Today the company provides
connectors around the globe in many industrial applications such as aerospace, auto
manufacturing, military needs, and mobile devices.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>Catalogs and
Advertisements: Artifact Identification</i></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The 80-Series
connector was listed in Amphenol catalogs, parts distributor catalogs, and
advertisements as a microphone connector. Microphone connectors are useful in bringing
cable from a microphone to an amplifier chassis, mounting a microphone on a
stand, or providing a means of extending the cord of the microphone itself. Amphenol
offered three series of microphone connectors, the 75-Series, the 80-Series and
the 91-Series. They were made of a molded central dielectric element of black
bakelite surrounded by a brass shell with a polished chrome finish.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The 91-Series
was a deluxe model. It came with 3-or 4-prongs. The 80-Series was an
intermediate model, with 1- or 2-prongs. The artifact is an example of the
1-prong variant of the 80-Series. The 75-Series was the entry level model, with
1-prong only. For most of its production run from 1935 into the 1970s, these
three microphone connector series remained consistent in terms of general
design, materials and construction, although the dimensions varied slightly over
the years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Amphenol introduced
its first microphone connectors in December 1935.</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>5</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> The earliest advertisement offering them for sale appeared in early 1936.</span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>6</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> The exact year in which the 80-Series model was introduced is not known, but it
would seem logical that it would follow on not much later than the year in
which Amphenol microphone connectors were first introduced.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><br /></span></b>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA0QNCDYow6BPeXAhnQ0xTwuBVvt20L-XIYmEa9fm2GGaVolYtYrTEcjBmoj1Wice0d4JBiXbrkSw2DJN9whDNd7LE8G5EDtavXe5RJwUFVMhZCl7LL97Xm0UsZg4Z4uj1rq12Uax7fVs/s1600/Photo+Sep+26%252C+9+17+15+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="990" data-original-width="673" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA0QNCDYow6BPeXAhnQ0xTwuBVvt20L-XIYmEa9fm2GGaVolYtYrTEcjBmoj1Wice0d4JBiXbrkSw2DJN9whDNd7LE8G5EDtavXe5RJwUFVMhZCl7LL97Xm0UsZg4Z4uj1rq12Uax7fVs/s640/Photo+Sep+26%252C+9+17+15+PM.jpg" width="435" /></a></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">Photo #5: </span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">Spring 1936 catalog
offering of Amphenol microphone connectors</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>How Did It Get There?</i></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There are
three main hypotheses for how this connector reached the particular spot where
it was found:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Outwash from the Co-op Store and multiple
house sites: This hypothesis presumes that the artifact resided
semi-permanently within the village itself but was originally brought there,
most likely by colonists.</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">2.</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Material picked up elsewhere on the
island and dropped by people en route to boats. This hypothesis presumes an accidental
reason for its presence and does not necessarily presume colonial agency but
may include Coast Guardsmen, British and American surveyors and explorers.</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Inwash south of the channel or
eastward from the beach, washed in by force of wind or water, or both, from a
storm surge. There are many examples of flotsam resting on the beach of the
windward side of the island. If this hypothesis is correct, it would beg the question
of just what was the original source. Was it a passing ship or some stationary
object offshore?</span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>Wear Patterns as
Possible Deposition Clue</i></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The
extremities of the connector appear to be very much impacted, worn and beveled,
with tiny uniform abrasions and one-millimeter linear scratches. These wear
patterns are exactly what one would expect to see if the artifact had been
thrown by the force of water and dragged, as in a storm, upon the abrasive, coral-strewn
shore of the island. Under magnification, the wear seems slightly more
noticeable on the projecting edges, but the connector is still relatively evenly
worn. There are no areas completely free of wear. Dr. Richard Pettigrew, an
archaeologist who was on the 2017 trip, contributed his expertise with wear
patterns on artifacts, stating: “Tumbling in rocks produces even wear on all
projecting surfaces, which is what I see on the artifact from photographs. It's
a light object, so impacts would not be heavy, but many of them accumulate to
generate wear that is visible at the right magnification and illumination. It
won't be faceted (relatively flat) and focused wear, as you often get from tool
use by people, but rather rounded and everywhere, as you get on pebbles in a
stream bed.”</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>7</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></span></span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></span></span></span></a></span>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrAhMBZon4Eczf7GbhwYe_zGnCtxUpTfnbUot6GhTeTe95zlTK8s1bksf10YiuupJdwtonNoXq32Hr8AAkVs4jOyFQJ7b4Bp_mDjNehyphenhyphenQYRN5HzLEBbbr3wqyQ9muyI77yz3HtiJqZBI0/s1600/Photo+Sep+27%252C+11+53+56+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrAhMBZon4Eczf7GbhwYe_zGnCtxUpTfnbUot6GhTeTe95zlTK8s1bksf10YiuupJdwtonNoXq32Hr8AAkVs4jOyFQJ7b4Bp_mDjNehyphenhyphenQYRN5HzLEBbbr3wqyQ9muyI77yz3HtiJqZBI0/s400/Photo+Sep+27%252C+11+53+56+AM.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHeC9mfZRMPnh_lvW1_wZ8C0hy3adJsrcsM7pvmgQLG3Z-cqRoIlWvaUft-D1ib7PS7LFey59xce73bgkpOP6Vaeyz7P4V-Fwet1qXEdPaPKcXTLgUbwehju31fVcgGFXnpjzNg0C3Yh8/s1600/Photo+Sep+27%252C+11+48+58+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHeC9mfZRMPnh_lvW1_wZ8C0hy3adJsrcsM7pvmgQLG3Z-cqRoIlWvaUft-D1ib7PS7LFey59xce73bgkpOP6Vaeyz7P4V-Fwet1qXEdPaPKcXTLgUbwehju31fVcgGFXnpjzNg0C3Yh8/s400/Photo+Sep+27%252C+11+48+58+AM.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b>Photo #s 6 and 7:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b>Well-distributed
wear patterns on the connector show light, uniform and small abrasions, as
would be produced by tumbling from ocean deposition.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>If Brought to the
Village, By Whom?</i></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The connector’s
wear patterns, however, may not explain all of its provenance. Even if the connector
spent time in the ocean, that would not preclude it from first having spent
time on the island, for what may have been very mundane and expectable reasons.
On the other hand, before assuming who or what brought the connector, a
detailed assessment of each island population’s use of microphones and
microphone connectors seems warranted, to the extent this is possible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>Loran Unit 92: The Coast
Guard (1944-1946)</i></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A radio
microphone from a radio installation would seem to be a most likely source for
a microphone connector, and it so happens Nikumaroro had a radio installation. Construction
of the U.S. Coast Guard radio navigation station on the southern tip of the
island (about 2 miles distant from the site where the artifact was found in the
village) began about 1 September, 1944, with surveying, clearing and
preparation work having been completed in the five weeks prior to that date. Loran
Unit 92 first went on the air on 16 December, 1944.</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>8</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> The last servicemen departed the station in May 1946 and the station was
dismantled shortly thereafter.</span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>9</u>]</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">On 24 July
1944 and on 18 August, 1944, an LCM (landing craft, mechanized) from the USS Spicewood
was landed on Nikumaroro with equipment for clearing and building the station.
On the first date, the landing was said to have occurred “three and one half
miles from the site on the south side of the island at a point where the surf
seemed the least hazardous.”</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>10</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> On the second date, the landing was said to have occurred “at the extreme
northwestern tip of the island, about two miles from the landing.”</span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>11</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> Both of these locations could have taken the LCMs within a short distance of
the village site.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The LCMs
could have communicated with the USS Spicewood by radio, and those radios could
be a source of microphone connectors, so it would seem worthwhile to know
whether the U.S. military purchased Amphenol products for use on boats. Also,
the Loran station was restocked with supplies from PBYs that periodically
landed in the lagoon, and these PBYs, too, could have been a source of
microphone connectors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If the
microphone connector found in the new village was used by the military, it
would be expected that it would meet military specifications. World War II
witnessed a proliferation of military specifications for all types of equipment,
including for the circular coaxial microphone connector found on the island. Some
of these specifications predated the war itself. As of 1 November, 1939, all
circular connectors on “aircraft, marine and other motorized units” were
required to meet Army-Navy Aeronautical Standard AN-9534, which was superseded in
1941 by AN-WC-591.</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>12</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>13</u>]</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Amphenol
catalogs sampled from the 1930s through the 1970s all clearly distinguish
between Amphenol products that were designated for use by the military, and
therefore met the required military specifications, and those not designed for
military use. Those meeting military specifications have an A-N number or, in
the case of catalogs later than the 1950s, a MIL-specification number. The
Amphenol 80-Series microphone connector was neither given an A-N number nor a
MIL-spec. number in all the years it was offered. The Amphenol catalogs do not even
class the 80-Series as unofficially approved for use by the military, as some
of their other connectors were.</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>14</u>]</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Therefore, because
1) the Amphenol catalogs clearly distinguish the 80-Series microphone connectors
from connectors designed for the military, and because 2) military
specifications during World War II stipulated that in certain situations (i.e.
transport), connectors with military part numbers had to be used, it is
reasonable to suppose that military transport vehicles to and from the island,
such as PBYs landing in the lagoon to replenish station supplies, LCM
transports hauling equipment ashore to build or dismantle the station, or even bulldozers
used in construction, are very unlikely sources for an Amphenol Series 80 microphone
connector.</span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>Wartime Amphenol
Production of Microphone Connectors</i></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Still, the
possibility that the artifact was used by the U.S. military cannot be ruled out
entirely. During World War II, Amphenol stated in an advertisement in a radio
industry periodical that there was an ever-increasing “war production” of
microphone connectors.</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>15</u>]</span></b></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmEvznVWZ7sL-qtb0Gr5B9fY02KF-XTBrHGtg5-Z7_ocZOFAcxrLJFzLDqzyN1GUExhcK-4oBZnTxVkxVZBy1v_VIytCfKejYnqdVjphkfJYRiXGNdkdFOdMFrEazOU_6U7CyNV1otM4Q/s1600/Photo+Sep+29%252C+9+34+10+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmEvznVWZ7sL-qtb0Gr5B9fY02KF-XTBrHGtg5-Z7_ocZOFAcxrLJFzLDqzyN1GUExhcK-4oBZnTxVkxVZBy1v_VIytCfKejYnqdVjphkfJYRiXGNdkdFOdMFrEazOU_6U7CyNV1otM4Q/s640/Photo+Sep+29%252C+9+34+10+AM.png" width="480" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b>Photo
#8: Radio News wartime Amphenol advertisement </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b>announcing increased
production.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Whether these
wartime microphone connectors had A-N part numbers assigned to them is unknown.
It is known that the artifact has no such number. What types of military situations
(battlefield, administration, traveling shows for troops) in which these
military microphone connectors were used is also unknown. </span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>Inside the Loran Station</i></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The
regulations against use of non A-N parts, such as the artifact connector,
appear to have been more strict while using them in moving vehicles than while
using them in stationary buildings. Consequently, use of an Amphenol microphone
connector inside the Loran station itself seems more plausible. A period
photograph of the communications hut inside a Loran station shows a number of
radio transmitters and receivers with cords and headphones, connected with
specialized hardware of some sort.</span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"></span></div>
</div>
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</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-AbOLUCC1tuADImYQmh2mhqbAHUNRZ-Ev7vyFqF8uS6fT9M07ykqJiUX8tIkugkxdbDH2AWzS5g7NbKNyaUlIDkdmZk9RRrBu1ka_oNlZJSWiKm2ODH3S1PQq03QIIk70mg-u_Frg8_4/s1600/Photo+Sep+30%252C+7+51+00+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1263" data-original-width="1046" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-AbOLUCC1tuADImYQmh2mhqbAHUNRZ-Ev7vyFqF8uS6fT9M07ykqJiUX8tIkugkxdbDH2AWzS5g7NbKNyaUlIDkdmZk9RRrBu1ka_oNlZJSWiKm2ODH3S1PQq03QIIk70mg-u_Frg8_4/s640/Photo+Sep+30%252C+7+51+00+PM.jpg" width="529" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b style="font-family: "book antiqua", serif;">Photo
#9: Communications equipment at a Loran station</b></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: start;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>16</u>]</span></b></div>
</div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>Radio Equipment Commonly
Used by the Military</i></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It would be
useful to know what kinds of microphone connectors were common in standard
military applications during World War II. Although no survey could encompass
every possible use, a survey of radio hardware does show certain trends.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">One of the
ways in which the military use of microphone connectors may be revealed is in
the types of surplus military radio connectors dropped into civilian markets near
the close of the war. Amalgamated Radio and Television Corporation advertised “Plugs
and Jacks for every known application” in a 1945 publication.</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>17</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> It is interesting that the radio industry term “connector” is never even used
in the advertisement; rather, a more pedestrian terminology (plugs and jacks)
is used.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjiAqhqmDTmo9JoSzfYGGD1FZzgLD5Dxg4M2fYQmzfNrn1xSpzRbXWC1F1W61CgUVK3ucYRU2N-5_1mqppND7KxyosvusqPb9fvi7GGcXqs6xviL1Z5OhDQ9G_R5jl_0ZPHUj7PaBRceU/s1600/Photo+Sep+29%252C+11+16+13+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="784" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjiAqhqmDTmo9JoSzfYGGD1FZzgLD5Dxg4M2fYQmzfNrn1xSpzRbXWC1F1W61CgUVK3ucYRU2N-5_1mqppND7KxyosvusqPb9fvi7GGcXqs6xviL1Z5OhDQ9G_R5jl_0ZPHUj7PaBRceU/s640/Photo+Sep+29%252C+11+16+13+AM.jpg" width="312" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b>Photo
#10: Advertisement for civilians to buy military plugs and jacks </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b>after the war ended.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">These plugs
and jacks are still sought after by collectors of old radio equipment and thus
can be viewed in online sales and auctions. They appear to lack the sophisticated
chrome exterior seen on the artifact. Instead, they have an encasing shell of
black phenolic material, and are decidedly more primitive in appearance.</span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKGaCUs6OOmv00KxlA6gMnCBytvKF1ZGt4JuEHgd0Cbyvrj0Q9bxeXPV4Rjj0MY7MCZIfVuzoSjopMIcyIJ6YhlpwznMdun8yjUazz87B2LuS81bm4HfyQZ-vcOBCiYB5AJCjLQqgE3-0/s1600/Photo+Oct+09%252C+8+47+36+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="display: inline !important; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="530" data-original-width="800" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKGaCUs6OOmv00KxlA6gMnCBytvKF1ZGt4JuEHgd0Cbyvrj0Q9bxeXPV4Rjj0MY7MCZIfVuzoSjopMIcyIJ6YhlpwznMdun8yjUazz87B2LuS81bm4HfyQZ-vcOBCiYB5AJCjLQqgE3-0/s200/Photo+Oct+09%252C+8+47+36+AM.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr0N7xsBcrULP-k7B-mcGg7qOhtExHvtgNmqwnqiRCxMkP38zEfnoMxY31mqoii4O3ak3cyES4jjz99SbyQK_k9mC8BYm-lbMVhp5SyoxHHkxfbsrXORP-6luKxbqz_Acqe5fkO-v3A7A/s1600/Photo+Oct+09%252C+8+47+50+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; display: inline !important; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="800" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr0N7xsBcrULP-k7B-mcGg7qOhtExHvtgNmqwnqiRCxMkP38zEfnoMxY31mqoii4O3ak3cyES4jjz99SbyQK_k9mC8BYm-lbMVhp5SyoxHHkxfbsrXORP-6luKxbqz_Acqe5fkO-v3A7A/s200/Photo+Oct+09%252C+8+47+50+AM.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit6yph44VHjru9yo9oiOxYPnKJHNtG8dEGxFa-LTW3DXL57WQWg3fw4v-R3BjtzcrHgBghZwlySyqMQiiIsTIA9C4oRiRe4HzUPv__rFOCLucb_6Km2w-j_W4usC_yiOH3qhcoukVI168/s1600/Photo+Oct+09%252C+8+47+27+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="519" data-original-width="800" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit6yph44VHjru9yo9oiOxYPnKJHNtG8dEGxFa-LTW3DXL57WQWg3fw4v-R3BjtzcrHgBghZwlySyqMQiiIsTIA9C4oRiRe4HzUPv__rFOCLucb_6Km2w-j_W4usC_yiOH3qhcoukVI168/s200/Photo+Oct+09%252C+8+47+27+AM.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br />
<b style="font-family: "book antiqua", serif;">Photo #s 11, 12 and 13: Typical World War II radio plugs and jacks.</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">While it is
unknown exactly what the Loran stations in World War II were using for
microphone connectors, or even if their use of such connectors was uniformly
consistent, it would appear that the prevailing military trend for many
situations was to use a reasonably durable but less expensive connector than
the 80-Series Amphenol.</span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>The Bushnell Survey
Expedition (1939)</i></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The U.S.
Coast Guard was the largest of the U.S. military operations that ever visited
and worked on the island, but there were other military personnel who visited
more briefly. The submarine tender USS <i>Bushnell</i> left for survey work on
Nikumaroro from American Samoa on 16 November, 1939.</span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>18</u>]</span></b><a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">By this time, military specification AN-9534, which required A-N part
numbers for all circular connectors used by motorized military units, had been in effect for only two weeks (since Nov. 1, 1939). It is possible that the specifications were not yet observed by the </span><i style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Bushnell,</i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> and consequently, the ship may have carried circular connectors designed for civilian, not military, use. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>The Norwich City</i></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The founding
date of Amphenol in 1932 would definitely rule out the <i>Norwich City</i>, which went
aground on Nikumaroro in 1929.</span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>The Colonial Village
Radio Hut (1939-1963)</i></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The colonial
village had a small wireless hut next to the rest house.
This site is about .4 miles from where the microphone connector was found.
So far as is known, this radio hut lacked ability to transmit voice, so
presumably it did not require a microphone.</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>19</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> Still, an American microphone connector in the British radio hut cannot be
ruled out.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>Gerald Gallagher’s
Personal Wireless Sets (1939-1941)</i></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When Gerald
Gallagher died on the island in 1941, his personal belongings were inventoried
before and after packing them for shipment. These inventories show two wireless
radio sets, a Radiola and an Ultimate.</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>20</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Radiola was made by RCA. This line of radios was marked by frilly wooden
cabinetry design. Since it was a receiver only, it had no need to have been
accessorized with a microphone, or a microphone connector.</span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>21</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> The Ultimate radio was a small mantelpiece receiver with Art Deco cabinetry,
also without microphone inputs.</span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>22</u>]</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>Other Possible Sources</i></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Other
sources, consistent with the hypothesis that the artifact is flotsam tossed
from a passing ship, include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The <i>Nimanoa, Viti</i>, other colonial
vessels;</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Civilian ships, etc. used during the
evaculation of Nikumaroro in 1963, or before; </span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Passing yachtsmen, if any.</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: 0px;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>23</u>]</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>What About Amelia Earhart
(1937)?</i></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There are
some very logical associations that can be made between the microphone
connector and known island populations. However, since Amelia Earhart and Fred
Noonan have been hypothesized to have reached Nikumaroro while attempting to
fly from Lae, New Guinea to Howland Island, it would also seem worthwhile to
try to track down all of the possible associations between this Amphenol
microphone connector and the 1937 world flight.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It turns out
that there are several quite intriguing such associations.</span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>Lockheed Model 10
(Electra) Associations (1960)</i></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Well into the
1960s, the Lockheed Corporation maintained parts catalogs to assist owners in
maintaining their vintage Lockheeds. The 1960 edition of the Lockheed Spare
Parts Price Catalog for the Model 10 (Electra) lists a part number for a connector,
10606.</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>24</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> Both a modern electronics distributor, Mouser Electronics, Inc. and a parts
supplier for commercial and military aircraft, WB Parts, Inc., have variants in
their databases of this part number, an Amphenol crimp bucket connector.</span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>25</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> In addition, Amphenol’s 2004 catalog made especially for aircraft manufacturer
Bombardier Inc., lists 25 variants of this same connector.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi87cA-EdlWGThaIGm4OX5jLJ1u-BRR3jgwZpmbSab6MDMlrlV7QjTixOdhog0HmoxJhPoM7aSW-yp0CvpRmRv3kaDcSfjfQgFcISCe_Q8lZ1OgS4kic9thrdcB8ryd__ikAt1nkXZDtlQ/s1600/Photo+Sep+23%252C+7+06+48+AM+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1234" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi87cA-EdlWGThaIGm4OX5jLJ1u-BRR3jgwZpmbSab6MDMlrlV7QjTixOdhog0HmoxJhPoM7aSW-yp0CvpRmRv3kaDcSfjfQgFcISCe_Q8lZ1OgS4kic9thrdcB8ryd__ikAt1nkXZDtlQ/s640/Photo+Sep+23%252C+7+06+48+AM+%25281%2529.jpg" width="492" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b>Photo #14: The listing for an Amphenol connector from Mouser, Inc., a modern
electronics supplier, is on the left; the listing of the same part in the
Electra Spare Parts Price Catalog is on the right.</b><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMZklveuv2wHM4nZ9uu80tEtJEVytxwtBFa4TS9G488QJdsN1XuyS4OtDAdJXxydmv5vj4TskGAXRJt-pF1CbxwO8S5VF2a5nDZ1Agq4jGhatx-bynibZdRESO7jOmqZglUzqaHMihcos/s1600/Photo+Sep+23%252C+6+59+33+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1169" data-original-width="1600" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMZklveuv2wHM4nZ9uu80tEtJEVytxwtBFa4TS9G488QJdsN1XuyS4OtDAdJXxydmv5vj4TskGAXRJt-pF1CbxwO8S5VF2a5nDZ1Agq4jGhatx-bynibZdRESO7jOmqZglUzqaHMihcos/s640/Photo+Sep+23%252C+6+59+33+PM.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b>Photo
#15: The modern Amphenol crimp connector is on the left; </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b>the artifact
is on the right.<o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b>Photo
#16: Cover of 2004 Amphenol catalog made especially for </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b>aircraft
manufacturer Bombardier Inc.<o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b>Photo
#17: From the Amphenol Bombardier catalog. </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b>This is a list of most of
the variants of part number 10606, which may </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">be found in the Lockheed Electra
Spare Parts Price Catalog for 1960.</span></b></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: start;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>26</u>]</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></span></span></span></a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">What is
lacking from this potential association between Amphenol and Lockheed is an Amphenol
catalog that is contemporaneous (1960 or prior) to the Lockheed Parts Catalog, and
which also shows this connector. None of the Amphenol catalogs thus far
examined that predate 2004 contain this part number. Such a catalog may exist
but has not yet been located.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There is also
the possibility the Lockheed Parts Catalog refers to a connector from a manufacturer
other than Amphenol. Glenair, Inc. today also manufactures the same connector
with a variant part number. Glenair was also active prior to 1960.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Oddly, the 1960
Lockheed Spare Parts Price Catalog contains only prices, quantities, part
numbers and descriptions. It contains no manufacturer names, so it is not known
for sure whether Lockheed was buying connectors from Amphenol as stock parts
for Electras, but it seems possible. This is interesting for a number of
reasons, but it may also be no more than confirmation of the fact that for many
decades Amphenol has been involved in the aerospace industry.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>Western Electric Company Associations
(1941, 1958)</i></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Amelia
Earhart’s Lockheed Electra carried a receiver and transmitter that were both
made by the Western Electric Company. The receiver was the Western Electric
Model 20B. The transmitter was the Western Electric Model 13C.</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>27</u>]</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When Earhart
ground looped her Electra at Luke Field on Ford Island, Hawaii during the first
world flight attempt in March 1937, the U.S. Army Air Corp inventoried the
airplane’s contents prior to shipping it back to the mainland for repairs. This
inventory stated that additional Western Electric Company radio components were
aboard as well, including</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>28</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Three (3) Western
Electric Radio Head Phones, type No. 588A (2 equipped with ear cushions)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Two (2) Microphones
with Cord, Western Electric type No. 631B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Both
headphones and microphones are items that use microphone connectors to bring the
cord to the chassis of the transmitter or receiver. All of this Western Electric Company equipment
may be presumed to have been carried forward to the second world flight
attempt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">No microphone
connectors are listed in the Luke Field inventory, but these may have been left
connected to the transmitter, or perhaps their presence is implied in the Luke
Field inventory with the words “with Cord.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It is not
known what type of microphone connectors Western Electric specified in its
manufacturer’s bulletins for the 588A earphones, the 631B microphones, the 13C
transmitter, or the 20B receiver. Existing product information that survives does
not reach this level of detail.</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>29</u>]</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">However, five
product bulletins from pre-World War II Western Electric amplifiers specifically
call for two Amphenol microphone connectors “to use on cords.” Two additional
Amphenol connectors are specified “to mount on chassis.” The amplifiers that
call for these Amphenol microphone connectors and chassis connectors are
Western Electric models 124-A, 124-B, 124-C, 124-D and 124-E. All of the
models’ respective bulletins are dated “4-15-41.”</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>30</u>]</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCTpvBm7WJRNvyNbJi47f5DlswIMKj1tPW3jKdGSCO1fkRdv_4kKnQhlzX5iSE6JBIF1RpH8XgiHNLWKLs4vwfizpi9OqnvA2eVuxeZwO2U2aUDmsqFrhKec_8WUEn2yKkNvq6xzFjP2M/s1600/Photo+Oct+10%252C+8+37+55+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1224" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCTpvBm7WJRNvyNbJi47f5DlswIMKj1tPW3jKdGSCO1fkRdv_4kKnQhlzX5iSE6JBIF1RpH8XgiHNLWKLs4vwfizpi9OqnvA2eVuxeZwO2U2aUDmsqFrhKec_8WUEn2yKkNvq6xzFjP2M/s640/Photo+Oct+10%252C+8+37+55+PM.jpg" width="489" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b>Photo
#18: Western Electric 124-C amplifier specifications for two </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b>Amphenol microphone connectors and two Amphenol chassis connectors.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The
connectors specified in these product bulletins are all well-documented in an
Amphenol catalog from circa 1948. In fact, these connectors appear on the same
page on which the artifact microphone connector model is listed.</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>31</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> The microphone connectors called for in the Western Electric Company product
bulletins are from the 91-Series, a close relative to the 80-Series, of which
the artifact is an example.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggJkHpPnKMMoQRI-G2LUe7DDfHopEaEqJ0oO6K75nhI3zl7wm4MMERAJwTyaGAHIfSuRNdoafaf2wkNquApaBRISMS6Rw2A1BC7Vv9P0y2UfSru3-O_K2P00BpAITx2GL56LqA8_wyKpc/s1600/Photo+Oct+10%252C+7+49+39+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1169" data-original-width="1600" height="467" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggJkHpPnKMMoQRI-G2LUe7DDfHopEaEqJ0oO6K75nhI3zl7wm4MMERAJwTyaGAHIfSuRNdoafaf2wkNquApaBRISMS6Rw2A1BC7Vv9P0y2UfSru3-O_K2P00BpAITx2GL56LqA8_wyKpc/s640/Photo+Oct+10%252C+7+49+39+AM.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b>Photo
#19: These are the Amphenol connectors called for in the Western Electric 124-A,
124-B, 124-C, 124-D, and 124-E product bulletins. Those specified by Western
Electric are highlighted in yellow. The artifact microphone connector is
highlighted in pink.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It is not
known whether the Western Electric Company began calling for Amphenol
connectors in its products prior to 1941; however, after 1941, Western
Electric’s customer relationship with Amphenol flourished. Western Electric would
ultimately sign with Amphenol one of the largest connector purchase deals in electronics
industry history.</span></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>32</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> By 1967, Amphenol was making the Type 57 micro-ribbon miniature connector</span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>33</u>]</span></b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> in large volume for the Western Electric Company, in partnership with another
connector manufacturer, Cinch Manufacturing.</span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>34</u>]</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtE76SURdDHIIdQMGnsK-_9rlZPLFZXC7G1JdDbHjcxoMRN6hmeQJaxpFJbz3LK10dz4Uvh7TrwoJbINNNMUWRLMKtu5OQBBQb4BPdLU8USo7Hj8g4Q9_uwA7qjD519NBkyBFmpEg2JwM/s1600/Photo+Oct+10%252C+8+53+34+AM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1224" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtE76SURdDHIIdQMGnsK-_9rlZPLFZXC7G1JdDbHjcxoMRN6hmeQJaxpFJbz3LK10dz4Uvh7TrwoJbINNNMUWRLMKtu5OQBBQb4BPdLU8USo7Hj8g4Q9_uwA7qjD519NBkyBFmpEg2JwM/s400/Photo+Oct+10%252C+8+53+34+AM.jpg" width="305" /></a></div>
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</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">Photo
#20: 1958 catalog entry for micro-ribbon miniature connectors.</span></b></span><b style="font-family: "helvetica neue", arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: start;"><span style="color: blue;">[<u>35</u>]</span></b><b style="font-family: "book antiqua", serif;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"> </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><b>Western Electric purchased these connectors from Amphenol in one of the largest
connector deals in the history of the electronics industry.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Because the
radio equipment chosen by Amelia Earhart for the Lockheed 10E was designed and
built by the Western Electric Company, it would be reasonable that the
microphone connectors aboard the Electra might have been similar to the ones
chosen in 1941 by the Western Electric Company for use in its amplifiers. They
chose Amphenol.</span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i>Summary</i></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Overall, the potential
associations between the Amphenol 80-Series microphone connector found on Nikumaroro
in 2017 and the world flight of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan in 1937 are much
more intriguing than the associations usually encountered with a Nikumaroro village
artifact, even as compared with those artifacts in the village that also have
part numbers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Partly this
is due to the fact that the artifact’s inscription includes both a manufacturer
name and a model number. As a result, the artifact’s basic identity is not in
question. Additionally, the manufacturing history and purpose of the Amphenol
80-Series microphone connector has been much more extensively documented than
is common for other objects collected and brought back from the island.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Still, the
microphone connector is admittedly not an Earhart mystery ‘smoking gun,’ and
the fact that it is not demonstrates how very difficult it is to find that 'definitive
artifact,' the one that solves the Amelia Earhart mystery once and for all.
Nikumaroro would be settled by Americans (1944-1946) and British-supplied
colonists (1939-1963) only a few short years after Earhart disappeared en route
to Howland Island in July of 1937. These settlers undoubtedly brought and even
perhaps left behind radio parts of various shapes and sizes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Whether or
not these Nikumaroro settlers left behind this particular Amphenol 80-Series microphone
connector is unresolved, but the probability of this having happened seems to
diminish, not to increase, the more closely one studies the details.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Research continues
on the following:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Amphenol
manufactured microphone connectors between 1935 and the 1970s. Are there any
attributes of the artifact microphone connector that would date it to perhaps a
single year or decade? Can additional Amphenol catalogs be located that would
assist in answering this question?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Do any product
bulletins for the Western Electric radio equipment used aboard the Earhart
Electra describe which, if any, microphone connectors were specified to use
with these Western Electric products? </span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">_____________________</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><b>Endnotes</b></span></span></span></a></div>
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></span></a><a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Paul B. Laxton, "Nikumaroro," Journal Of the Polynesian Society 602, no. 2 and 3 (1951): p. 142.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_60_1951/Volume_60%2C_No._2_%2B_3/Nikumaroro%2C_by_P._B._Laxton%2C_p_134-160/p1">http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_60_1951/Volume_60%2C_No._2_%2B_3/Nikumaroro</a></span></span><br />
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_60_1951/Volume_60%2C_No._2_%2B_3/Nikumaroro%2C_by_P._B._Laxton%2C_p_134-160/p1">%2C_by_P._B._Laxton%2C_p_134-160/p1</a></span></span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> “Part listing for navigation light.” WB Parts. 10 Oct 2018.<br /><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.wbparts.com/rfq/6220-00-151-9607.html">https://www.wbparts.com/rfq/6220-00-151-9607.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> The amount of reduction in clearance from the spring cord connector is based on comparisons with the contemporaneous sibling connector of nearly identical dimensions.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Thaddeus J. Burch, “Arthur J. Schmitt.” American National Biography. July 2002. Web. 1 Oct 2018. http://www.marquette.edu/electrical-computer-engineering/documents/SchmittbiofromAmerNatlBio.pdf<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[5]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> “Amphenol Microphone Connector.” Communication and Broadcast Engineering. 2.12, December 1935, p. 28, Column 1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/">https://www.americanradiohistory.com</a></span>. 1 Oct 2018.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[6]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Advertisement for Amphenol. Hall Radio Catalog, Spring/Summer 1936, p. 40, Column 2. <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/">https://www.americanradiohistory.com</a></span>. 1 Oct 2018.</span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[7]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Richard Pettigrew. “Re: Preliminary Observations on Coaxial Connector.” Message to Joe Cerniglia, Thomas King, Kenton Spading, and Kimberly Zimmerman. 27 Sept<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2018. E-mail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></span></a>
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[8]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Historical Section, Public Information Division, U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters. <u>The Coast Guard at War</u> <u>IV, Volume 2</u>. Washington, DC: 1946, pp. 91-95.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[9]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> See <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.loran-history.info/station_search.aspx">http://www.loran-history.info/station_search.aspx</a></span> for a list of Coast Guardsmen on Gardner and the duration of each enlisted man’s service. The operational duration of Unit 92 itself was derived from these dates.</span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[10]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <u>The Coast Guard at War IV, Volume 2</u>., p. 91.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[11]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <u>The Coast Guard at War IV, Volume 2</u>., p. 93.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[12]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Amphenol Catalog: Radio Parts and Accessories, Synthetics for Electronics, High Frequency Cables and Connectors, ‘A-N’ Connectors and ‘A-N’ Fittings, c.1948, p. M-26, Column </span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.tubebooks.org/vintage_data.htm">http://www.tubebooks.org/vintage_data.htm</a></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">. 23 Sept 2018.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span>
<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[13]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Connector Microtooling Systems, Inc. “Electrical Connectors and Tooling,” Arlington, TX: 2004, p. 8. <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://cms-tools.com/opencart/pdf/Electrical.pdf">http://cms-tools.com/opencart/pdf/Electrical.pdf</a></span> 8 Oct 2018.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[14]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Amphenol Catalog: Radio Parts and Accessories, Synthetics for Electronics, High Frequency Cables and Connectors, ‘A-N’ Connectors and ‘A-N’ Fittings, c.1948, p. M-12, Column </span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.tubebooks.org/vintage_data.htm">http://www.tubebooks.org/vintage_data.htm</a></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">. 23 Sept 2018.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span>
<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[15]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Advertisement for Amphenol. Radio News, June 1943, p. 40, full-page. <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/">https://www.americanradiohistory.com</a></span>. 1 Oct 2018.</span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[16]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <u>The Coast Guard at War IV, Volume 2</u>., p. 110.</span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[17]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Advertisement for Amalgamated Radio and Television Corporation. Electronics, June 1945, p. 172, first column. <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/">https://www.americanradiohistory.com</a></span>. 1 Oct 2018.</span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[18]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Progress Report (of USS Bushnell) – 16 November to 17 December, 1939, inclusive. National Archives, 19 December, 1939, <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://tighar.org/aw/mediawiki/images/f/f1/Bushnell_Part_3.pdf">https://tighar.org/aw/mediawiki/images/f/f1/Bushnell_Part_3.pdf</a></span>. 9 Oct 2018.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[19]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Thomas F. King. “Re: Preliminary Observations on Coaxial Connector.” Message to Joe Cerniglia, Richard Pettigrew, Kenton Spading, and Kimberly Zimmerman. 23 Sept 2018. E-mail.</span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[20]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Gallagher Packing Inventory, date unknown, <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Gallagereffects2.html">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Gallagereffects2.html</a></span>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9 Oct 2018.</span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[21]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Advertisement for Radiola. Allied Radio Catalog, 1933, p. 6, full-page. <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/">https://www.americanradiohistory.com</a></span>. 1 Oct 2018.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[22]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Advertisement for Ultimate Radios. <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.radio-restoration.com/BigPhotos/Ultimate-1951.jpg">http://www.radio-restoration.com/BigPhotos/Ultimate-1951.jpg</a></span><u><span style="color: #0563c1; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">25 Sept 2018.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://jc/" target="_blank">[23]</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Thomas F. King. “Re: Preliminary Observations on Coaxial Connector.” Message to Joe Cerniglia, Richard Pettigrew, Kenton Spading, and Kimberly Zimmerman. 23 Sept 2018. E-mail.</span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://jc/" target="_blank">[24]</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Lockheed Spare Parts Price Catalog: Model 10 (Electra), Model 12, Model 18 (Lodestar), 1960, p. 3, Line 3.</span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[25]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Part listing for Amphenol Bendix Connector.” WB Parts. 11 Oct 2018.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.wbparts.com/search.cfm?q=10606015">https://www.wbparts.com/search.cfm?q=10606015</a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">“Part listing for Amphenol Circular Crimp Connector.” Mouser, Inc. 11 Oct 2018.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.mouser.com/Connectors/Circular-Connectors/_/N-76q5a?Keyword=10606&FS=True">https://www.mouser.com/Connectors/Circular-Connectors/_/N-76q5a?Keyword=10606&FS=True</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[26]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Bombardier Transportation Design Guide for Amphenol GT Series Reverse Bayonet Coupling Connectors, 2004, p. 20. <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.amphenol.co.jp/military/catalog/L-2123.pdf">http://www.amphenol.co.jp/military/catalog/L-2123.pdf</a></span> 11 Oct 2018.</span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[27]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Michael Everette. “A Technical Analysis of the Western Electric Radio Communications Equipment Installed on Board Lockheed Electra NR16020” ,</span> <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Research/ResearchPapers/ElectraRadios/ElectraRadios.htm#4">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Research/ResearchPapers/ElectraRadios/ElectraRadios.htm#4</a> </span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">11 Oct 2018.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[28]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Luke Field Inventory. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Luke_Field.html">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Luke_Field.html</a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">10 Oct 2018.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://jc/" target="_blank">[29]</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Earhart Western Electric 13C Transmitter Technical Information. <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://tighar.org/smf/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=1502.0;attach=7914">https://tighar.org/smf/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=1502.0;attach=7914</a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">10 Oct 2018.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[30]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Western Electric Product Bulletins for 124-A, 124-B, 124-C, 124-D, 124-E. <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.westernelectric.com/static/library/specifications/amplifiers/124.pdf">http://www.westernelectric.com/static/library/specifications/amplifiers/124.pdf</a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">22 Sept 2018.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[31]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Amphenol Catalog: Radio Parts and Accessories, Synthetics for Electronics, High Frequency Cables and Connectors, ‘A-N’ Connectors and ‘A-N’ Fittings, c.1948, p. M-6. <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.tubebooks.org/vintage_data.htm">http://www.tubebooks.org/vintage_data.htm</a></span>. 23 Sept 2018.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[32]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Arthur J. Schaefer. <u>Quest for Leadership: The Arthur J. Schmitt Story</u>. Chicago: Cathedral Publishing Company, 1985, p. 75.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[33]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> I am using the completion date of the Hollywood, Florida Amphenol factory, discussed in Schaefer’s book as having been built to fulfill the deal with Western Electric, as the period in which production of the micro-ribbon miniature connectors rose to a high level.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Jessica Cattelino. <u>High Stakes: Florida Seminole Gaming and Sovereignty</u>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008, p. 49.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[34]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Schaefer, p. 75.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/Connections%20of%20a%20Wayward%20Microphone%20Connector%20(1).docx#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">[35]</span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Allied Radio Catalog, 1958, p. 171. </span><a href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/" style="font-family: "book antiqua", serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">https://www.americanradiohistory.com</a><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">10 Oct 2018.</span></div>
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__________________</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">Bibliography</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Advertisement
for Amalgamated Radio and Television Corporation. Electronics, June 1945, p.
172,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">first column. <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/">https://www.americanradiohistory.com</a></span>.
1 Oct 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Advertisement for Amphenol. Hall Radio Catalog, Spring/Summer 1936, p. 40, Column 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> <a href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/">https://www.americanradiohistory.com</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">. 1 Oct 2018.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Advertisement
for Amphenol. Radio News, June 1943, p. 40, full-page. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/">https://www.americanradiohistory.com</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">. 1 Oct 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Advertisement
for Radiola. Allied Radio Catalog, 1933, p. 6, full-page. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/">https://www.americanradiohistory.com</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">. 1 Oct 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Advertisement
for Ultimate Radios.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.radio-restoration.com/BigPhotos/Ultimate-1951.jpg">http://www.radio-restoration.com/BigPhotos/Ultimate-1951.jpg</a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">25 Sept 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Amphenol
Catalog: Radio Parts and Accessories, Synthetics for Electronics, High
Frequency Cables<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">and Connectors, ‘A-N’ Connectors and ‘A-N’
Fittings, c.1948. <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.tubebooks.org/vintage_data.htm">http://www.tubebooks.org/vintage_data.htm</a></span>.
23 Sept 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Amphenol
General Line Catalog of Amphenol Components, Catalog GL-1, c.1967.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Amphenol
Microphone Connectors. Allied Radio Catalog,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1955a, p. 177. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/">https://www.americanradiohistory.com</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">. 1 Oct 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Amphenol
Microphone Connectors. Allied Radio Catalog,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1958, p. 171. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/">https://www.americanradiohistory.com</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">. 10 Oct 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Amphenol
Microphone Connectors. Allied Radio Catalog,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1960, p. 189. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/">https://www.americanradiohistory.com</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">. 1 Oct 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Amphenol
Microphone Connectors. Allied Radio Catalog,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1963, p.232 and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>369. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/">https://www.americanradiohistory.com</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">. 1 Oct 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">“Amphenol
Microphone Connectors.” Communication and Broadcast Engineering. 2.12, December<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">1935, p. 28, Column 1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/">https://www.americanradiohistory.com</a></span>.
1 Oct 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Amphenol
Microphone Connectors. Lafayette Catalog #710,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1971, p. 268. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/">https://www.americanradiohistory.com</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">. 1 Oct 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bombardier
Transportation Design Guide for Amphenol GT Series Reverse Bayonet Coupling <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Connectors, 2004, p. 20. <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.amphenol.co.jp/military/catalog/L-2123.pdf">http://www.amphenol.co.jp/military/catalog/L-2123.pdf</a></span>
11 Oct 2018.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Burch, Thaddeus J. "Arthur J. Schmitt." American
National Biography. July 2002. Web. 1 Oct 2018. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration-line: underline;">h</span></span><a href="http://www.marquette.edu/electrical-computer-engineering/documents/SchmittbiofromAmerNatlBio.pdf" style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">ttp://www.marquette.edu/electrical-computer-engineering/documents/SchmittbiofromAmerNatlBio.pdf</a></div>
<o:p></o:p><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cattelino,
Jessica. <u>High Stakes: Florida Seminole Gaming and Sovereignty</u>. Durham,
NC: Duke<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">University Press, 2008.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Connector
Microtooling Systems, Inc. “Electrical Connectors and Tooling,” Arlington, TX:
2004.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://cms-tools.com/opencart/pdf/Electrical.pdf">http://cms-tools.com/opencart/pdf/Electrical.pdf</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">8 Oct 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Earhart
Western Electric 13C Transmitter Technical Information. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="https://tighar.org/smf/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=1502.0;attach=7914">https://tighar.org/smf/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=1502.0;attach=7914</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">10 Oct 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Everette,
Michael. “A Technical Analysis of the Western Electric Radio Communications<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Equipment Installed on Board Lockheed Electra NR16020” ,</span>
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Research/ResearchPapers/ElectraRadios/ElectraRadios.htm#4">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Research/ResearchPapers/ElectraRadios/ElectraRadios.htm#4</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>11 Oct
2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gallagher
Packing Inventory, date unknown, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Gallagereffects2.html">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Gallagereffects2.html</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9 Oct 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">General
Catalog of Amphenol Components, Catalog B2, c.1956.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">General
Catalog of Amphenol Components, Catalog B3, c.1956.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Historical
Section, Public Information Division, U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters. (1946). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>The Coast <o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<u><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Guard at War IV, Volume 2</span></u><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">. Washington, DC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Laxton,
Paul B. "Nikumaroro." Journal Of the Polynesian Society 602, no. 2
and 3 (1951): p. 142<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_60_1951/Volume_60%2C_No._2_%2B_3/Nikumaroro%2C_by_P._B._Laxton%2C_p_134-160/p1">http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_60_1951/Volume_60%2C_No._2_%2B_3/Nikumaroro%2C_by_P._B._Laxton%2C_p_134-160/p1</a></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Lockheed
Spare Parts Price Catalog: Model 10 (Electra), Model 12, Model 18 (Lodestar).
Lockheed <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Aircraft Corporation. California Division,
Burbank, California, USA. 1960.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Loran
personnel roster. (n.d.). In Loran Historical Information. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://www.loran-history.info/station_search.aspx">http://www.loran-history.info/station_search.aspx</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">. 10 Oct 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Luke
Field Inventory. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Luke_Field.html">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Luke_Field.html</a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">10 Oct 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">“Part
listing for Amphenol Bendix Connector.” WB Parts. 11 Oct 2018.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.wbparts.com/search.cfm?q=10606015">https://www.wbparts.com/search.cfm?q=10606015</a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">“Part
listing for Amphenol Circular Crimp Connector.” Mouser, Inc. 11 Oct 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="https://www.mouser.com/Connectors/Circular-Connectors/_/N-76q5a?Keyword=10606&FS=True">https://www.mouser.com/Connectors/Circular-Connectors/_/N-76q5a?Keyword=10606&FS=True</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Part listing for navigation light.” WB Parts.
10 Oct 2018.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.wbparts.com/rfq/6220-00-151-9607.html">https://www.wbparts.com/rfq/6220-00-151-9607.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Progress
Report (of USS Bushnell) – 16 November to 17 December, 1939, inclusive.
National<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Archives, 19 December, 1939,
https://tighar.org/aw/mediawiki/images/f/f1/Bushnell_Part_3.pdf.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">9 Oct 2018.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Schaefer, Arthur J. <u>Quest for Leadership: The Arthur J. Schmitt Story</u>. Chicago: Cathedral</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Publishing Company, 1985.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Western
Electric Product Bulletins for 124-A, 124-B, 124-C, 124-D, 124-E. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://www.westernelectric.com/static/library/specifications/amplifiers/124.pdf">http://www.westernelectric.com/static/library/specifications/amplifiers/124.pdf</a><br />
</span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">22
Sept 2018.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-35379141924054176502018-09-02T16:25:00.001-07:002018-09-02T16:25:46.593-07:00Parting ways with TIGHAR<blockquote style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;" type="cite">
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On August 31st, in a special telephonic session, the Board of Directors of The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery (TIGHAR) voted to expel me from its ranks. The vote was not unanimous, but the fix was obviously in, and I did not complicate matters by participating in the kangaroo court. I have accordingly resigned my membership in TIGHAR altogether. </div>
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My sin, it is said, is "conflict of interest." No one has explained to me precisely what this conflict is, but from what I can make out, it goes like this:</div>
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<br /></div>
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1. After the 2010 expedition, Ric Gillespie decided that since we'd not found a smoking gun on land, we should henceforth focus on underwater work. I vigorously disagreed, and was ignored. At this point it's implied that I should have shut up, but I didn't. </div>
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2. I added insult to injury -- or maybe injury to insult -- by conspiring with Betchart Expeditions, National Geographic, and others to carry out the 2015 and 2017 trips to the island, continuing on-land (as well as underwater) research.</div>
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They may not have been discussed in the Board's proceedings, but as evidence of my evil ways, at various times in the last few months, I've been accused of:</div>
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A. Maintaining the AmeliaEarhartArchaeology blog;</div>
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B. Publishing the novel <i>Amelia Earhart UNRESCUED</i>; and</div>
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C. Failing to support Ric's insistence on a substantial upfront payment from Betchart Expeditions and/or National Geographic as the price of TIGHAR support for the 2017 trip. </div>
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What can I say to these charges but mea culpa?</div>
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Some months ago, in view of my multiple sins, I was asked to resign from the Board. After some equivocation I agreed to do so IF two things could be guaranteed:</div>
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1. That TIGHAR would establish ways to ensure that its data and collections (including those held in trust for Kiribati) were kept secure and cared for properly (As things stand, Ric can throw out whatever he decides isn't interesting); and</div>
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2. That TIGHAR would not use its Antiquities Management Agreement with the government of Kiribati to block legitimate research in Kiribati by non-TIGHAR researchers.</div>
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In the immediate run-up to the August 31 meeting I was advised that neither condition was acceptable. Thus the die was cast.</div>
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Although I am no longer a part of TIGHAR, I want to assure my readers that I remain deeply interested in solving the Earhart/Noonan disappearance mystery, and intend to continue to work with Betchart Expeditions, National Geographic, the Archaeological Legacy Institute, and others to pursue its solution, to the extent any of them wish for me to do so. I will continue to maintain this blog to keep everyone informed of progress. I've contemplated organizing a new group to carry out such work -- perhaps Lugubrious Luddites Investigating Old Nonsense (LLION) or Bewildered Enthusiasts for Ancient Relics 'n Ruins (BEARR), but oh my, I think I'll skip it.</div>
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I want to thank all those who've worked on the project over the years for your efforts and collegial friendship. I'm happy to correspond -- tomking106@gmail.com.</div>
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Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-71523078356178997952018-08-26T06:29:00.001-07:002018-08-26T07:09:07.649-07:00WHAT HAPPENED TO AMELIA EARHART (AND FRED NOONAN)? SOME HYPOTHESES<br />
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<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Thomas F.
King<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">August,
2017<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Its 80<sup>th</sup>
anniversary in 2017 witnessed an explosion of media interest in the 1937
disappearance of aviation pioneers Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan – perhaps most
vividly reflected in a short-lived History Channel documentary (c.f. <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/amelia-earhart-mystery-documentary-history-channel-639938">https://www.newsweek.com/amelia-earhart-mystery-documentary-history-channel-639938</a>)<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> </span>and the popularity of podcasts in the “Chasing
Earhart” series (<a href="https://www.chasingearhart.com/">https://www.chasingearhart.com/</a>).
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">In 2018 I
published a novel about the disappearance and its aftermath – <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Amelia Earhart UNRESCUED</i> (King 2018; <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://tinyurl.com/y95rarys">https://tinyurl.com/y95rarys</a></span>)
– that is, about how I <u>envision</u> them.. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">UNRESCUED</i> and its 2009 sequel, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thirteen
Bones </i>(King 2009; <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://tinyurl.com/ydgzum44">https://tinyurl.com/ydgzum44</a></span>), are
fiction. Well-grounded fiction, I think, and entertaining fiction, I hope, but
fiction nonetheless, not fact. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Facts are
rather scarce about the Earhart/Noonan disappearance. It’s well documented,
though, that on the morning of July 2<sup>nd</sup>, 1937, nearing the end of
their record-setting flight around the world near the equator, they took off in
their Lockheed Electra 10E aircraft from Lae, New Guinea. They were set to land
over 2,000 nautical miles to the northeast at Howland Island, a tiny raised
coral island in mid-Pacific, half a degree north of the equator and four
degrees east of the prime meridian. There they were to refuel and fly to
Honolulu, then on to California. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">It’s also well
documented that they never arrived at Howland, and a vigorous search turned up
no trace of them (See Gillespie 2006). What happened to Earhart, Noonan, and
their Electra has been described as one of the 20<sup>th</sup> century’s
greatest mysteries. Many <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hypotheses</i> –
that is, semi-educated guesses<a href="file:///D:/AAA-Writings/2018%20Books%20etc/AE%20Stuff/Earhart%20Hypotheses%203.1.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> – have been advanced to solve
the mystery. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">In this paper
I’d like to summarize and compare some of the most widely believed-in hypotheses.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">How I Came to the Earhart
Mystery<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">My father, the
late U.S. Navy Cdr. T.T. (Ted) King was in military government in the Pacific
during World War II. He’d go ashore once the Marines had more or less secured an
island and oversee setting up arrangements for the local people and captured Japanese
military personnel. He was on Kosrae, Pohnpei, Chuuk, Guam, and Saipan, among
other islands. So he brought home stories about Amelia Earhart, who he said he regarded
as a “dizzy dame” who’d gotten lost and no doubt gone into the drink. He
discounted stories he’d heard about her being captured by the Japanese. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">I didn’t pay
much attention; I was a kid, with other things on my mind.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">In 1977, I went
to Saipan as “Consultant in Archaeology and Historic Preservation” to the High
Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. I was based on
Saipan, but my beat was the rest of Micronesia, helping set up what would
become the historic preservation programs of Palau, the Federated States of
Micronesia, and the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Like my by then deceased
father, I heard Earhart stories, but didn’t attend to them much – my business
was helping build programs that <u>Micronesians</u> could support, to preserve <u>Micronesian</u>
history and culture, not stories about lost American flyers. And the Marianas,
where Earhart stories were thick on the ground, weren’t my responsibility.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">When my time in
the islands was done, I went back to the mainland and spent ten years with the
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, which advises the U.S. president and
congress about historic preservation matters. Toward the end of my tenure there
(I survived the Reagan administration, but not that of GHW Bush), I met Ric
Gillespie and Pat Thrasher.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Ric and Pat are
the creators and leaders of TIGHAR – The International Group for Historic
Aircraft Recovery, a non-profit organization dedicated to preserving historic
aircraft and researching aviation history. About the time I was leaving the
Advisory Council, Ric contacted me about a project TIGHAR was taking on – investigating
the hypothesis that Earhart and Noonan had wound up on Nikumaroro, an
uninhabited atoll in the Phoenix Islands of Kiribati. To make a long story
short, I joined TIGHAR’s first expedition to the island in 1989, and got hooked
on the Earhart mystery. Pursuing an answer to it has been my hobby for the last
30 years. I’ve been to the Phoenix Islands eight times and done research in
Fiji as well as in various U.S. locations. I’ve co-authored a book and a
summary article about our work (King et al 2004; King 2012), as well as two
novels based on it (King 2008, 2018). I’ve contributed quite a few postings to
TIGHAR’s website (<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.tighar.org/">tighar.org</a></span>)
and maintain my own “Amelia Earhart Archaeology” blog (<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://ameliaearhartarchaeology.blogspot.com/">http://ameliaearhartarchaeology.blogspot.com/</a></span>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">All this has
led me to learn a lot about Earhart, Noonan, their disappearance, and the
various hypotheses that purport to account for their disappearance; that’s the
basis for what I’ll share here.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The Hypotheses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Setting aside
propositions like alien abduction and passage into another dimension<a href="file:///D:/AAA-Writings/2018%20Books%20etc/AE%20Stuff/Earhart%20Hypotheses%203.1.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> (which might be correct,
but how would we find out?), there are five or six semi-testable hypotheses
about what happened to Earhart and Noonan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The “Crashed and Sank”
Hypothesis<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The “Crashed
and Sank” hypothesis is a popular one, presumably because it seems conservative
– and perhaps because it offers the possibility of recovering Earhart’s Electra
from the ocean bottom, maybe with its crew’s remains still inside. Several
investors over the years have put a lot of money into searching the sea bottom for
the plane (cf. <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://nauticos.com/ocean-discovery/amelia/">http://nauticos.com/ocean-discovery/amelia/</a></span>).
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">“Crashed and
Sank” assumes that Earhart and Noonan simply ran out of fuel and went into the
drink. This is certainly possible, but the hypothesis doesn’t account for some
important evidence – notably the fact that over 100 radio messages were received
after Earhart’s disappearance, many on Earhart’s frequencies, by stations in
and around the Pacific. Some were in what was identified as Earhart’s voice,
and several of them were plotted by radio direction finding as emanating from the
Phoenix Islands – where at the time there were no known operative radios. To broadcast
at all, Earhart’s plane would have had to be on land, not sinking in the ocean
(See Gillespie 2006:189-90). As we’ll see, there’s also evidence supporting
alternative hypotheses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The “Turned Around”
Hypotheses<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Two hypothesis
currently in play have Earhart and Noonan winding up pretty close to where they
started on July 2<sup>nd</sup>, crashing on New Britain (See <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://earharttruth.wordpress.com/2016/12/05/new-britain-theory-presents-incredible-possibilities/">https://earharttruth.wordpress.com/2016/12/05/new-britain-theory-presents-incredible-possibilities/</a></span>)
or on Papua New Guinea’s Buka Island (<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.astonishinglegends.com/al-podcasts/2018/5/4/ep-106-earharts-plane-found">http://www.astonishinglegends.com/al-podcasts/2018/5/4/ep-106-earharts-plane-found</a></span>). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Both hypotheses are based on the observation of aircraft wreckage resembling
Earhart’s Electra observed during World War II and/or more recently, and oral
historical data.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both assume that
Earhart and Noonan realized during their flight that they could not make it to
Howland Island, so turned around and tried unsuccessfully to return to Lae – or
that they didn’t get too far from Lae at all.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Both hypotheses
have a high hurdle to clear. The U.S. Coast Guard Cutter<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Itasca</i>, lying off Howland Island on the morning of July 2<sup>nd</sup>,
recorded receiving radio signals from Earhart at signal strengths indicating
that she was getting steadily closer to them. One of her last such signals
reported that she was “on” the island (i.e. over its mapped location) but
couldn’t see it. These radio data are deeply inconsistent with the notion that
she was, at the time, not near Howland Island but near New Britain or Buka
Island almost 2,000 nautical miles to the southwest. Still, there might be <u>some</u>
way for the New Britain or Buka Island hypothesis to be correct, and people are
pursuing them – in effect testing them by looking for identifiable wreckage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The “Japanese Capture”
Hypothesis<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">“Japanese
Capture” is one of the most popular of the Earhart/Noonan disappearance
hypotheses. It is of particular interest to residents of the Mariana and
Marshall Islands, and it’s the one my father and I caught wind of during our
times in the islands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are several
variants on this hypothesis, most of them outlined and advocated with varying
levels of enthusiasm by Mike Campbell in his “Amelia Earhart: the Truth at
Last” book and website (See <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://earharttruth.wordpress.com/">https://earharttruth.wordpress.com/</a></span>
and Campbell 2016). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">“Japanese
Capture” proposes that one way or another – in some versions flying there
directly, in others crashing in the Marshall Islands and being picked up by a
Japanese ship (and there are other variants) – Earhart and Noonan wound up in
Japanese captivity on Saipan (or perhaps Tinian), and there were either
executed or died of natural causes. Since neither the Japanese nor the American
government has ever acknowledged that this occurred, Campbell and other
Japanese Capture proponents tend to say that both governments have been engaged
in a cover-up for the last eighty years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Japanese
Capture is supported by a rather large body of anecdotal evidence – that is,
stories that people have told that are interpreted as evidence of Earhart’s
and/or Noonan’s and/or their airplane’s presence in the Marianas and/or
Marshalls. Stories have come from residents of the Northern Marianas, Marshalls,
and Chuuk (among other island groups) as well as from World War II U.S.
servicemen and women (including high ranking officers with access to naval
intelligence<a href="file:///D:/AAA-Writings/2018%20Books%20etc/AE%20Stuff/Earhart%20Hypotheses%203.1.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>)
and a few Japanese nationals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of
the accounts are second and third hand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>No generally accepted documentary or physical evidence has yet been
produced in support of Japanese Capture. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Documents that have turned up have been
statements of opinion, and items interpreted as physical evidence – for example
a door from Saipan’s Japanese jail with “A. Earhart” and “July 19 1937” deeply incised
on one side – are of questionable origin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Several years
ago, two TIGHAR colleagues and published an analysis and critique of the
Japanese Capture hypothesis (See King, Roberts and Cerniglia 2012). In a
nutshell, there is abundant evidence from the psychological literature that
even first-hand eyewitness accounts given to trained interviewers by honest
people must be taken with many grains of salt; the mind can play remarkable
tricks (c.f. Doyle et al. 2013, Loftus & Ketcham 1992, Schacter 2002). In
this case, where accounts were mostly gathered by untrained interviewers who very
much wanted to find evidence of Earhart in the Marianas or the Marshalls, often
from people who had every reason to tell their interlocutors what they seemed
to want to hear, the results are not very convincing to the skeptical reviewer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">A good example
of the problem with eyewitness accounts gathered by people intent on a
particular outcome is the November 1977 transcript of an interview by Fr.
Arnold Bendowske with Saipan resident Matilde Fausto Arriolo (Bendowske 1977). Ms.
Arriolo was one of three women interviewed by Fr. Arnold – probably an
authority figure in the eyes of all three Catholic women – who were said to
have seen an American woman in Japanese captivity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Fr. Arnold
begins by asking flatly for Ms. Arriolo’s “story on Amelia Earhart.” There is
no evidence that Ms. Arriolo had used or known Earhart’s name, and she later
denies knowing the name of the woman with whom she interacted. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Ignoring this,
Fr. Arnold says he has already told the Navy that Ms. Arriolo had seen Earhart.
He asks her in what year she did so, and before she can answer, says that it
was in 1938. The interview goes on in this vein, and his interviews with Ana
Villagomez Benavente and Maria Roberto Dela Cruz are similar. None of the women
identifies the woman (or women) with whom they interacted as Amelia Earhart,
and Ms. Arriolo describes the woman as “a little bit of a mestiza” (that is, a
woman of mixed ethnicity). Fr. Arnold ignores this description, which does not easily
fit Earhart. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The kind of
witness-leading in which Fr. Arnold engaged is not unusual when untrained
people try to elicit oral historical information, but it taints the oral
historical record. Unfortunately, the stories of Earhart on Saipan are pretty
largely the results of such interview tactics, so it is difficult to make much
of them. The stories of Earhart in the Marshalls may be a little less impure,
but most of them are second- or third-hand, which allows for a lot of ambiguity
to creep in.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">My guess is
that an American woman <u>was</u> held on Saipan by the Japanese, and perhaps
was executed or died there of disease, but she was not Amelia Earhart. Jesus
DeLeon Guerrero, who served as a policeman on Saipan during the Japanese
administration, reportedly said that a woman of mixed Japanese-Caucasian
ethnicity, born in Los Angeles, was hanged by the Japanese as a spy. Through Nisei
groups in California, I have made some effort to seek information about this
woman, but thus far with no luck. It may be, too, that a plane resembling
Earhart’s crashed in the Marshalls, but this does not mean that the plane was
Earhart’s. And while Naval Intelligence may at some point have concluded that
the Japanese had captured Earhart, and passed this conclusion up the chain of
command, not all intelligence is accurate<a href="file:///D:/AAA-Writings/2018%20Books%20etc/AE%20Stuff/Earhart%20Hypotheses%203.1.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">So I’m left
thinking about the same of the Japanese Capture hypothesis as my father did,
and as I did during my late-70s sojourn on Saipan. I think it most likely
reflects the honest observations and conclusions of people who lived in the
Marianas and Marshalls during the Japanese period, elicited and interpreted by
Americans with strong interests in showing that Amelia Earhart had been
executed by the Japanese. The Japanese Capture hypothesis may be the “truth”
that its proponents claim, but they haven’t yet made a case that I find
convincing. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">I should
acknowledge, though, that proponents of Japanese Capture routinely dismiss
people like me as biased, and even as co-conspirators with the U.S. and
Japanese governments in concealing “the truth.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The Nikumaroro Hypothesis<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Then there’s
TIGHAR’s “Nikumaroro hypothesis.” Naturally, I think it’s most likely correct,
though I shy away from proclaiming it – or anything – to be “the truth.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">I summarized
the Nikumaroro hypothesis and the evidence supporting it in a 2012 paper (King
2012), and extensive background data are available at <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.tighar.org/">TIGHAR.org</a></span>. In essence, we think that
Earhart and Noonan, unable to find Howland Island, flew south on the course Earhart
reported in her last universally accepted radio transmission <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-- 157-337 degrees – and found Nikumaroro (then
called Gardner Island). We think they landed safely on the island’s northwest
reef flat, transmitted distress calls for several days and nights (thus accounting
for the signals received) but finally lost the plane with its radio to rising
tides, and it broke up on the reef face. We think that Earhart and/or Noonan –
probably Earhart – subsequently died at what we call the “Seven Site” near the
southeast end of the island. A partial human skeleton was reportedly found in
this vicinity in 1940, associated with a sextant box, a woman’s shoe, and other
artifacts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">We’ve done
archaeological work at the Seven Site in 2001, 2007, 2010, and 2017. We’ve turned
up a number of campfire features in which someone cooked and disposed of fish,
bird, and turtle remains. The kinds of remains we’ve found suggest procurement
and consumption by someone not native to the islands. In and around the fire
features we have found a variety of suggestive artifacts – the probable remains
of a woman’s compact similar to one shown in photos of Earhart, a jar that
probably contained freckle crème, two bottles shattered in what was probably
someone’s attempt to purify water, a jackknife similar (but not identical) to
one reported to have been aboard the Electra. Elsewhere on the island we’ve
found aircraft parts that may (or may not) have come from the Electra, as well
as some interesting shoe parts, and we have photographic evidence of aircraft
wreckage on the northern reef flat in late 1937 and thereafter. We also have
our share of anecdotal accounts, from I Kiribati, and Tuvaluan people who lived
on the island between 1939 and 1963, as well as from British colonial officers
and from U.S. Coast Guardsmen who staffed a long-range navigation (LORAN)
station there between 1944 and 1946 (See King 2012).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Those colonists
and Coast Guardsmen introduced a lot of confusion into the archaeological
record, of course. We know that the Seven Site was planted in coconuts in the
1940s, and that people used to camp there while procuring turtles and birds.
The site is littered with cartridges from the Coast Guardsmen’s carbines.
Colonists or Coast Guardsmen could have brought in some of the odd artifacts
we’ve found, though it’s something of a stretch to pin them with things like
the compact and the freckle crème jar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The Nikumaroro
Hypothesis, and the evidence we’ve found on the island, form the basis for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">UNRESCUED</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thirteen Bones</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The Orona Hypothesis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The Orona
hypothesis is, in a sense, a variant on the Nikumaroro Hypothesis. It has
Earhart and Noonan flying southeast from the vicinity of Howland Island and
winding up not at Nikumaroro but at Orona, an atoll about 200 nautical miles
east of Nikumaroro (see <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.aquariusradar.com/AmeliaEarhartsplane.html">http://www.aquariusradar.com/AmeliaEarhartsplane.html</a></span>).
The main piece of evidence supporting the Orona Hypothesis is a pattern of
pixels in satellite imagery suggesting the presence of something shaped like a
Lockheed Electra in the Orona lagoon. Arguments against it include the fact
that Orona was occupied and being planted to coconuts in 1937, with a British
overseer on station who might be expected to have seen an airplane ditch in the
lagoon. But who knows? Someone needs to dive on the putative Orona Electra and
see what – if anything but coral heads – is there.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Where Things Stand<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">All the above
hypotheses continue to be the subjects of more or less active research; it is
possible that one of them will be proved correct in the foreseeable future.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 2017, <span style="background: white;">the <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: #00526e;"><a href="http://expeditionportal.nauticos.com/"><span style="color: #00526e;">Eustace
Earhart Discovery Expedition</span></a></span></span></span> scanned the ocean
bottom near Howland Island in pursuit of evidence for the Crashed and Sank
hypothesis – without reported success. People are reportedly examining aircraft
wreckage on New Britain and Buka Island. Mike Campbell and his colleagues
continue to find anecdotal support for Japanese Capture. In 2017 we took
forensic dogs to the Seven Site on Nikumaroro, recorded evidence that a human
body had decomposed there, and brought back samples from which we are trying to
extract DNA (See <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/07/forensic-dogs-amelia-earhart-spot-where-died/">https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/07/forensic-dogs-amelia-earhart-spot-where-died/</a></span>).
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">At 75 years of
age, I don’t think I’ll be going back to Nikumaroro, or to Orona – though I’d
like to. So I’ve put my thoughts about what happened to Earhart and Noonan on
the table in novel form. I’d be astounded if <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Amelia Earhart UNRESCUED</i> turned out to be very close to what
“really” happened, but it’s my best guess, embellished by my imagination. I
hope you enjoy it, whatever its relationship to “the truth.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">And why does
any of this make any difference? What significance is there in this quest, to
which so many people have given big chunks of their lives and thinking? I
confess to being, as it were, rather at sea. With all the world’s problems to
whose solutions we could be contributing, why do we invest our time, money, and
brainpower in looking for Earhart? I honestly don’t know, except that it’s a
mystery, and mysteries cry out to be solved. I’m reminded of what the spouse of
one of our TIGHAR team members said when he got on a satellite phone and called
home after the 9/11/01 attacks, which came while we were on Nikumaroro. He
fretted about the fact that we were where we were, while everything was blowing
up at home. She told him that after all the excitement died down, people were
going to need something to take their minds off their troubles, and we provided
that something. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Upon
reflection, I concluded that what she said made sense, and have comforted
myself with the reminder that for entertainment, we’re a good deal less costly
than professional football. I’ve also realized that that entertainment is
pretty much what Earhart did, too. In the depths of the Depression, she took
people’s minds off their troubles. And she showed people – notably women – that
there were things to which they could aspire, and that the world really is a
pretty wonderful place. So maybe that’s what makes it worthwhile to seek an
answer to the mystery with which she left us – whether we ever find it or not.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Bendowske, Fr. Arnold<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">1977<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Transcripts of interviews with Ana
Villagomez Benevente, Matilde Fausto Arriola, and Maria Roberto De La
Cruz.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Catholic Mission, Chalan Kanoa,
Saipan, <st1:date day="8" month="11" w:st="on" year="1977">November 8 1977</st1:date>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Copy in TIGHAR files.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Campbell, Mike<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2016 (2<sup>nd</sup> ed.)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Amelia Earhart:
The Truth at Last.</i> Mechanicsburg, PA, Sunbury Press<span style="color: #111111;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Doyle, James M., Jennifer E. Dysart, & Elizabeth F. Loftus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 2013 <i>Eyewitness
Testimony: Civil and Criminal</i> (</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fifth Edition),
New York, </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LEXISNEXIS</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Gillespie, Ric<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">2006<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Finding
Amelia: the True Story of the Earhart Disappearance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>Annapolis, MD, Naval Institute Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">King, Thomas F.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">2008: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thirteen Bones</i>. Indianapolis, IN, Dog Ear Publishing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">2012:
Amelia Earhart on Nikumaroro: a Summary of the Evidence. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacific Studies</i> 35:3:305-24, Honolulu, HI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">2018: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Amelia Earhart UNRESCUED</i>. Mystic, CT, Flat Hammock press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">__________, Randall Jacobson, Karen R.
Burns, and Kenton Spading<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">2004<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Amelia
Earhart’s Shoes: Is the Mystery Solved?</i> (updated edition) Walnut Creek, CA,
Altamira Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">__________, Thomas A. Roberts, and
Joseph Cerniglia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">2012: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Amelia Earhart in the Marianas: a
Consideration of the Evidence. <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Research/ResearchPapers/AEinMarianas.html">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Research/ResearchPapers/AEinMarianas.html</a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Loftus, Elizabeth F. and Katherine Ketcham<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1992 <i>Witness for the Defense: The
Accused, the Eyewitness and the Expert Who Puts Memory on Trial.</i> New
York, </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">St. Martin's Griffin</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Schacter, Daniel L.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">2002<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Seven Sins of Memory (How the Mind Forgets and Remembers). </i>Boston, Houghton
Mifflin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/AAA-Writings/2018%20Books%20etc/AE%20Stuff/Earhart%20Hypotheses%203.1.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The
relevant formal definition of “hypothesis,” according to Merriam-Webster
Online, is: “<span style="background: white; letter-spacing: .5pt;">a tentative
assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/empirical"><span style="color: windowtext;">empirical</span></a></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>consequences”</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/AAA-Writings/2018%20Books%20etc/AE%20Stuff/Earhart%20Hypotheses%203.1.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Many summarized at <a href="https://www.grunge.com/70575/untold-history-amelia-earhart/">https://www.grunge.com/70575/untold-history-amelia-earhart/</a>
<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/AAA-Writings/2018%20Books%20etc/AE%20Stuff/Earhart%20Hypotheses%203.1.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> C.f.
<a href="https://wingsoverkansas.com/earhart/a1325/">https://wingsoverkansas.com/earhart/a1325/</a>
<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/AAA-Writings/2018%20Books%20etc/AE%20Stuff/Earhart%20Hypotheses%203.1.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> C.f.
<a href="https://quoteinvestigator.com/2013/10/02/oxymoron-intelligence/">https://quoteinvestigator.com/2013/10/02/oxymoron-intelligence/</a>
<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-89016420170577382442018-07-14T14:20:00.000-07:002018-07-15T08:36:24.988-07:00The Sun Rises at Six on Nikumaroro, Every Day<br />
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">By Joe Cerniglia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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[TFK's Preface: Another contribution by Joe, whose careful analyses of artifacts from the Nikumaroro village and Seven Site contribute importantly to our work, Thanks, Joe!]</div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">On July 5,
2017, during the second “In Search of Amelia Earhart” trip to Nikumaroro,
organized by Betchart Expeditions, archaeologist Dr. Richard Pettigrew spotted
the square movement of a small alarm clock on the surface of the ground among
other artifacts near the old village dispensary.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/0%20Joe's%20clock/The%20Sun%20Rises%20On%20Nikumaroro%20at%20Six,%20Every%20Day.docx" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Image 1: <span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">The clock movement <i>in situ</i>, close-up</span></div>
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Image 2: <span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">The clock movement <i>in situ,</i> from observer's eye-level</span></div>
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Image 3: Clock movement, rear</div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p>Image 4: Clock movement, front</o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">The clock movement,
measuring 2 15/32” X 2 5/32” X 15/16”, appears to have been resting within the
perimeter of one of the village households. The outer casing is entirely
missing. The movement itself is warped, bent and corroded as well as oxidized in
spots with a rust-like coating.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Image 5: Measured sketch map of artifact cluster location relative to village features</div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">Image 6: 2017 sketch-map of artifact cluster</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">superimposed on 1989 village sketch-map</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">Based on the
distinctive design of the plates, as well as the dimensions and layout of the
movement, clock expert Bill Stoddard, owner of Bill's Clockworks in Flora,
Indiana (</span> <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><a href="https://billsclockworks.com/about/index.html">https://billsclockworks.com/about/index.html</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">), has identified the artifact as an
example of a Westclox movement #66.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/0%20Joe's%20clock/The%20Sun%20Rises%20On%20Nikumaroro%20at%20Six,%20Every%20Day.docx" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This movement, according to Mr. Stoddard,
"was used in many of the less expensive windup alarm clocks such as Bingo,
Spur and Bantam (to name a few) from the early 1930s through the 1960s."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">The clock
movement is inscribed "3 54" on the northwest quadrant of the
exterior of the rear-facing plate, indicating it was manufactured in March of
1954, 17 years after the 1937 world flight of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan.
No other letters or numbers are visible on the movement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM8-2KiL8R0Vz2v-utSY6Beafr7BgrwuerqWVQUP4Z5tE3GOSo2UqK_O5iLIw5-vKlhHaDTi2-ZOOGIuzcKmlbBEIOhHtS89HQGO96ajvjMv5s9dwT0iEEcck_eZBSy26lQzoQJZW7Y70/s1600/image7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM8-2KiL8R0Vz2v-utSY6Beafr7BgrwuerqWVQUP4Z5tE3GOSo2UqK_O5iLIw5-vKlhHaDTi2-ZOOGIuzcKmlbBEIOhHtS89HQGO96ajvjMv5s9dwT0iEEcck_eZBSy26lQzoQJZW7Y70/s320/image7.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">Image 7: </span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">Manufacture date of March, 1954.</span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">Mr. Stoddard,
working with Gary Biolchini, author of <u>Westclox: An Identification and Price
Guide</u> (<span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Westclox-Identification-Price-Gary-Biolchini/dp/0764318357">https://www.amazon.com/Westclox-Identification-Price-Gary-Biolchini/dp/0764318357</a></span>),
determined that Westclox clocks manufactured in Scotland have the most features
in common with the Nikumaroro clock. This determination was made primarily on
the basis of the location and orientation of the date stamp. The artifact has
the date stamp on the exterior of the rear plate. Only clock movements from two of the Westclox factories' clocks were
found to have this configuration. One of these movements was from Canada,
but all Canadian Westclox clocks located so far have the inscription
upside-down, relative to the clock face, and say “MADE IN CANADA” on their
movements. Some, but not all Scottish Westclox clocks, say “MADE IN SCOTLAND”
on their movements. The only one thus far identified that does not display this inscription has “UK” inscribed to the right
of the date stamp. The Nikumaroro clock movement has no inscription other than
the date, yet it still shares more attributes with the movements from Scotland than
with those from other countries.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/0%20Joe's%20clock/The%20Sun%20Rises%20On%20Nikumaroro%20at%20Six,%20Every%20Day.docx" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="">[3]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/0%20Joe's%20clock/The%20Sun%20Rises%20On%20Nikumaroro%20at%20Six,%20Every%20Day.docx" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaIwsvrTyAROzESWpg62ERttYhRbgaoTXKNzxMCuhhIP1j31djV6Uz0Xga82vYi0L0GoWSQjJri-v7OKSj3D53LjjPASCkYtf_eXn3wAVJn_7987mbAeXlWhH5v8ku0-4FY2tS6w1nuY4/s1600/image8.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1086" data-original-width="1536" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaIwsvrTyAROzESWpg62ERttYhRbgaoTXKNzxMCuhhIP1j31djV6Uz0Xga82vYi0L0GoWSQjJri-v7OKSj3D53LjjPASCkYtf_eXn3wAVJn_7987mbAeXlWhH5v8ku0-4FY2tS6w1nuY4/s320/image8.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">Image 8: I</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">nscription of the Scottish Westclox clock
movement is on left; inscription of the Nikumaroro clock is on the
right.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">The material
composition of the clock movement is unknown but may be a combination of
aluminum and steel. Westclox movements from the 1950s, as the artifact is,
sometimes were made of steel gears and aluminum plates.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/0%20Joe's%20clock/The%20Sun%20Rises%20On%20Nikumaroro%20at%20Six,%20Every%20Day.docx" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">It would seem
incredible that the island of Nikumaroro was at one time in the market for
American clocks made in Scotland, but research of the circumstances and needs
of the island coconut plantation, active from 1939 to 1963, and of the supply routes
of Westclox, amply support the existence of this market.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">In September 1953,
the only clock factory in all Australia, Westclox Pty. Ltd. of Melbourne,
closed its doors due to rising labor costs. A news story about the closure reported
optimistically that imported clocks would be cheaper than those that had been
made in the shuttered factory.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/0%20Joe's%20clock/The%20Sun%20Rises%20On%20Nikumaroro%20at%20Six,%20Every%20Day.docx" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">Even before
Westclox of Melbourne ceased operations, imported Westclox clocks from Scotland
appear to have been common and desirable in the Pacific region. In June 1949,
<i>Pacific Islands Monthly,</i> the premier and perhaps only news outlet for islands
such as Nikumaroro, announced exchange rates were favorable when buying
imported Westclox clocks from the newly opened clock factory in Strathleven,
Dumbarton, Scotland. Details could be obtained by writing to the Pacific
Islands Trading Co. address in San Francisco.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">Image 9: 6/49 </span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><i>Pacific Islands Monthly</i> article about new Westclox
clock factory in Scotland</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">In March
1950, the same Pacific Islands Trading Co. that was a wholesaler of Scottish
Westclox clocks purchased a half-page Westclox advertisement in<i> Pacific Islands
Monthly</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBRMpBcy2qfp2c4OCVEqhv14PJXjTJGhEqn_MbXWXTv4nZiCfvU9kXjURyDFYgBHUYl1jqiPTFbMOc3goTm3o-MzfNzQ3cvu1WzJLtKAxnq5rUn37-4JKL6qdm_OfoTLm9bWvIoBxsFnY/s1600/image10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBRMpBcy2qfp2c4OCVEqhv14PJXjTJGhEqn_MbXWXTv4nZiCfvU9kXjURyDFYgBHUYl1jqiPTFbMOc3goTm3o-MzfNzQ3cvu1WzJLtKAxnq5rUn37-4JKL6qdm_OfoTLm9bWvIoBxsFnY/s320/image10.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">Image 10: 3/50 <i>Pacific Islands Monthly</i> advertisement for
Westclox.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">Clocks were
selling in the Pacific, and there is evidence that timekeeping was important to
the Nikumaroro colony as well. Lands Commissioner Paul Laxton visited
Nikumaroro in 1951 and wrote a detailed report of the island and its
inhabitants for the Journal of the Polynesian Society.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/0%20Joe's%20clock/The%20Sun%20Rises%20On%20Nikumaroro%20at%20Six,%20Every%20Day.docx" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
In his article, he tells of the role that clocks played in the life of the
colony, and how these clocks were adapted to the island's purposes:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">"The sun
rises at precisely six every morning at Nikumaroro, year in and year out. We
could not understand this at first for the island is appreciably south of the
equator, until we found that at sunrise the island clocks are set at six. Our
own watches, at zone time, did not correlate very well with this, while the
radio shack meanly observed Greenwich time. After a few weeks Nikumaroro won
and we lived by the sun."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">We lack the
detailed records to substantiate that the island colony specifically purchased
a 1954 Westclox clock made in Scotland, but based on Laxton's account and on
what has been documented in advertisements and news articles, it seems entirely
possible and even likely.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">A clock on
the island in 1954 makes perfect sense from the standpoint of Nikumaroro's
history. The clock was made only three years after Paul Laxton had resolved
that a steely discipline instilled in the villagers would be needed for the
colony to survive after years of British distraction with World War II and the
village’s extended mourning over the death of Gerald Gallagher, the island's first
commissioner. The clock, if not Amelia Earhart’s, is still an artifact with its
own fascinating history, symbolizing Nikumaroro's last attempt at righting
itself and becoming a going concern. Time really was of the essence, but it was
running out. Nine years after this clock was made, the colony would falter,
this time for all time. Nikumaroro's residents would repair to the Solomon
Islands for what they hoped would be a new and better life, leaving behind a
remnant of their efforts to be industrious, and on time every morning at “six
o’clock.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyIOoQ-ntTBYCQZhyz8FK8_w0AeIUY2gDRGcY4uBLYqaxeGAF93pQnlOUP_fM5RyFue5NCLoQo83cCzQo8No01qF30crpTu2zwgAURfFqjwLf2QIrdQF9dlwe_nLWHAAqobRZwv6PvUDc/s1600/image11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyIOoQ-ntTBYCQZhyz8FK8_w0AeIUY2gDRGcY4uBLYqaxeGAF93pQnlOUP_fM5RyFue5NCLoQo83cCzQo8No01qF30crpTu2zwgAURfFqjwLf2QIrdQF9dlwe_nLWHAAqobRZwv6PvUDc/s320/image11.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">Image 11: T</span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">eam of Nikumaroro
expeditionaries after mapping and collecting the clock and other artifacts in the old village on
Nikumaroro. Standing, left to right, Julie Oakley-Jagger, Leonie Todhunter, Joe
Cerniglia, Capt. Rick Saber. Seated, left to right, Karla Borde, Dr. Rick
Pettigrew. Photo by team member Mike Silvert.</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/0%20Joe's%20clock/The%20Sun%20Rises%20On%20Nikumaroro%20at%20Six,%20Every%20Day.docx" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"> Here is a list of artifacts found
near the dispensary in 2017, in addition to the clock:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">3
folded circular foils (thick but pliable aluminum)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">1
heliarc-welded aluminum tray with i-beam support slats<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">1
bullet flashlight with “PAT. DEC. 20, 1921” inscribed on the switch<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">Squarish
bottle fragments, clear and green<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">1 small
tea plate with dividers and fleur-de-lis design<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">1
aluminum belt buckle<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">1 boot
with 16 brass eyelets (some missing)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">1
cosmetic cap for a Bourjois (Paris) jar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">Assorted
corrugated iron debris and wooden posts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">1
Tri-Sure fuel drum plug</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/0%20Joe's%20clock/The%20Sun%20Rises%20On%20Nikumaroro%20at%20Six,%20Every%20Day.docx" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">For photos of what the clock may have
looked like when new and in use, see Bill Stoddard's clock history website at<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><a href="https://clockhistory.com/0/westclox/model-numbers/66/model-1658-1.html">https://clockhistory.com/0/westclox/model-numbers/66/model-1658-1.html</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/0%20Joe's%20clock/The%20Sun%20Rises%20On%20Nikumaroro%20at%20Six,%20Every%20Day.docx" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"> For a database of the taxonomy of
Westclox clocks from various countries, see https://www.dropbox.com/s/et73b123hdabs1c/Westclox%20Clock%20Taxonomy.xlsx?dl=0</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/0%20Joe's%20clock/The%20Sun%20Rises%20On%20Nikumaroro%20at%20Six,%20Every%20Day.docx" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">See <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://clockhistory.com/0/westclox/vm-1/example-87-1.html">https://clockhistory.com/0/westclox/vm-1/example-87-1.html</a></span>.
Note the similarity in the coloration of the artifact to these 1950s examples.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/0%20Joe's%20clock/The%20Sun%20Rises%20On%20Nikumaroro%20at%20Six,%20Every%20Day.docx" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">See <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/48924202">https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/48924202</a></span>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Downloads/0%20Joe's%20clock/The%20Sun%20Rises%20On%20Nikumaroro%20at%20Six,%20Every%20Day.docx" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;">“Laxton, P.B., 1951. “Nikumaroro.”
Journal of the Polynesian Society 60(2+3):149<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"><a href="http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_60_1951/Volume_60%2C_No._2_%2B_3/Nikumaroro%2C_by_P._B._Laxton%2C_p_134-160/p1">http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_60_1951/Volume_60%2C_No._2_%2B_3/Nikumaroro%2C_by_P._B._Laxton%2C_p_134-160/p1</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "book antiqua" , serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-49031093099636922192018-07-14T04:51:00.000-07:002018-07-14T04:51:16.830-07:00Bringing “Amelia Earhart UNRESCUED” to the Silver Screen<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now that my novel, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Amelia
Earhart UNRESCUED</i>, is in bookstores everywhere, it’s obviously time to
think seriously about a screen adaptation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Here’s why:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It’s widely known that Hollywood (maybe not
Bollywood) is hard up for new stories – hence the constant reworks, reboots,
retreads of old movies and TV series. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">UNRESCUED</i>
is a new story – albeit derived from an old and famous one.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i>UNRESCUED</i> is highly cinematic – beautiful island,
beautiful star (auditions, anyone?), an elegant, doomed airplane, a shipwreck,
a massive storm, the vast Pacific, challenging animal characters.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Speaking of the last, imagine the potential for
computer-generated imagery (CGI) as applied to the wisecracking crab, the psychotherapist booby, and the
ghost.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And what stars can provide their
voices?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->And ultimately <i>UNRESCUED</i> is a story about accepting and
transcending one’s fate, which may provide the inspiration we all need in these
strange, strange times.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
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Studios, producers and agents – I’m happy to discuss
possibilities. <a href="mailto:Tomking106@gmail.com">Tomking106@gmail.com</a>, 01-240-475-0595<o:p></o:p></div>
<br /><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_c2pnJ0zJzlLEbSSBUii05PytojDoygwG3OFM2_T8n5sT0-_2dAATxHjspCxCZAndS8kTqsurh7IbRtgQ7-jNGpipcTvsXXQjyZW8GjcHp_SKG2UfMssNAmoCSkLBeKVap_oafuFmNUA/s1600/9780981896045_cov+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1134" data-original-width="1600" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_c2pnJ0zJzlLEbSSBUii05PytojDoygwG3OFM2_T8n5sT0-_2dAATxHjspCxCZAndS8kTqsurh7IbRtgQ7-jNGpipcTvsXXQjyZW8GjcHp_SKG2UfMssNAmoCSkLBeKVap_oafuFmNUA/s320/9780981896045_cov+%25281%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-83331812675044268552018-04-22T11:17:00.001-07:002018-04-22T11:17:41.910-07:00Amelia Earhart UNRESCUEDMy second novel, <i>Amelia Earhart UNRESCUED,</i> will soon be in bookstores. A prequel to my 2009 <i>Thirteen Bones</i>, it imagines Amelia Earhart's (AE's) fate from the time of her hypothesized landing on Nikumaroro with Fred Noonan to the time of her passing. It incorporates and is consistent with all our historical, archaeological, osteological, radio, and other data, though I've not interpreted all those data quite as some of my colleagues have, and I've imagined quite a lot. Talking (multilingual) crabs, a psychotherapist booby, the island's resident spirit-being, and of course AE's state of mind as she loses her airplane, loses Fred, struggles with the environment and gradually succumbs. Not an entirely pretty picture, but a respectful one, I hope, and one that's as close to what probably really happened as I could make it.<br />
<br />
<i>AE UNRESCUED</i> is published by Flat Hammock Press of Mystic, CT (http://www.flathammockpress.com/). Royalties, if any, will be divided evenly among the Phoenix Islands Protected Area, the Amelia Earhart Birthplace Museum, TIGHAR, and me. Although publication is a couple of months off, I can make galley pages available to interested reviewers; contact me at tomking106@gmail.com.<br />
<br />
I'm grateful to everyone who helped bring <i>AE UNRESCUED </i>to publication, but let me particularly thank Janis Carty for the cover art, and for putting up with my suggestions. And of course I'm grateful to TIGHAR for making it all possible.<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6i4yXzF1RmtNlnNZ7-Dusk-P7j_n3wz2h2qPv7v4NVxK0hmQ5V8nW5SadgEGzFQ_5WSQEV6D4lVxLW9sDhcvV4BP1ZdTfB4jC8wrvL5YQs8kIJqihVWdJBVvRodN5_ARpRkGaYYogJ4s/s1600/Cover+art.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1237" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6i4yXzF1RmtNlnNZ7-Dusk-P7j_n3wz2h2qPv7v4NVxK0hmQ5V8nW5SadgEGzFQ_5WSQEV6D4lVxLW9sDhcvV4BP1ZdTfB4jC8wrvL5YQs8kIJqihVWdJBVvRodN5_ARpRkGaYYogJ4s/s400/Cover+art.bmp" width="308" /></a></div>
<br />Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-33894770706695528602018-03-09T16:38:00.000-08:002018-03-09T16:38:36.245-08:00The Archaeological Context of the Human Bones Found on Nikumaroro in 1940<div style="text-align: left;">
Richard Jantz's re-analysis of the measurements taken in 1941 on human bones from Nikumaroro, recently published in the journal <i>Forensic Anthropology</i>*.<b> </b>has attracted a good deal of media attention, as well it should. Unfortunately, however, the measurements are being taken by the press as though they comprise the only evidence that Earhart and Noonan wound up on the island. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
My 2012 paper, "Amelia Earhart on Nikumaroro: a Summary of the Evidence"** outlines the general arguments and data underlying the Nikumaroro Hypothesis. The following paper, published in the February 2018 issue of <i>TIGHAR Tracks</i> along with a reprint of Jantz's paper and a critique of the 1941 analysis by Ric Gillespie, focuses on the specific site where all available evidence suggests that the bones were discovered.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
* <span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">http://journals.upress.ufl.edu/fa/article/view/525/519</span></span></div>
**<span style="font-size: x-small;">https://www.academia.edu/9015080/Amelia_Earhart_on_Nikumaroro_A_Summary_of_the_Evidence</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<em><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The
Archaeological Context of the 1940 Nikumaroro Bones Discovery<o:p></o:p></span></b></em></div>
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<em><span style="background: white; font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">November, 2017<o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
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<em><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Introduction</span></b></em><em><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></em></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In 1940, colonists on Nikumaroro Atoll in the
Phoenix Islands discovered a human cranium on the southeast end of the island. They
buried the cranium, but Gerald Gallagher, Administrator of the Phoenix Islands
Settlement Scheme under which the island was being prepared for settlement,
became aware of the discovery and recovered twelve additional bones<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
and various artifacts, which he sent (along with the cranium, which he had
excavated) to the headquarters of the Western Pacific High Commission (WPHC) in
Fiji. The bones and artifacts all went missing during World War II, but not
before the bones had been measured and commented upon by Dr. David Hoodless,
then Principal of the Central Medical School for the Colony of Fiji. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Correspondence and internal WPHC memoranda
about the bones discovery (which we colloquially refer to as “the bones
papers”) were discovered in 1997 in the Kiribati National Archives by historian
Peter MacQuarrie, and substantially augmented by TIGHAR discoveries in the WPHC
archives then on file at Hanslope Park in England<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In a 1998 paper, physical anthropologists Karen
Burns and Richard Jantz, with input from Richard Gillespie and me, concluded
that the bones discovered in 1940 may quite likely have been those of Amelia
Earhart<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. In
a 2015 paper<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
Pamela Cross and Richard Wright have dismissed this conclusion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Richard Jantz has prepared a response to the
anthropological assertions in the Cross/Wright paper (http://journals.upress.ufl.edu/fa/article/view/525/519).
Ric Gillespie has written an analysis of the 1940/41 British investigation and
some of the assertions made by Cross and Wright (See TIGHAR Tracks 34:1,
February 2018. The purpose of the paper presented here is to outline the
archaeological background to Gillespie’s and Jantz’s discussions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Where
Were the Bones Found?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gallagher’s 17<sup>th</sup> October 1940 telegram
reports that the bones were found “on South East corner of island,” under a
“ren” tree<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tournefortia argentia</i>.). His reports
provide no further detail other than distance from the high tide line, but he
was directed to make an “organised search” of the area. A 1941 U.S. Navy
airphoto shows that vegetation had been cleared near the island’s southeast end
– an activity that would most likely be a necessary part of what Gallagher
described as an intensive search<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> –
adjacent to an unvegetated linear feature shaped like the numeral seven. This
feature is stable, appearing in multiple aerial and satellite images through
the years. This made the location imaged in 1941 fairly easy to find. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In 1996 TIGHAR researchers performed an initial
survey of the site, which we call the “Seven Site” because of the adjacent
natural clearing. Noting only bird bones, a hole in the ground, and surface
artifacts easily attributable to the 1939-63 colonists and the 1944-46 Coast
Guardsmen, TIGHAR did no further work there at the time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Some months later, in 1997, historian Peter
McQuarrie found the documents surrounding the 1940 bones discovery; this, of
course, drew our attention back to the Seven Site, leading to four episodes of
archaeological work there. In 2017, forensic dogs alerted on the ground under a
fallen Ren tree (See below) and nowhere else in the vicinity<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
strongly suggesting that the tree we call “the Big Ren,” or a previous tree at
the same location, was the site of the bones discovery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Artifacts
Associated with the Bones<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Statements by Gallagher, Dr. K.R. Steenson and
others in the bones papers<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
indicate that the following artifacts were found in association with the bones:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A Benedictine bottle;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Parts of a woman’s and man’s shoes;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Small corks on chains;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Part of a sextant’s inverting eyepiece;
and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A sextant box, wooden, with dovetailed
corners, inscribed with the numbers 3500 and 1542.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">All of these artifacts have been lost, and none is
documented as having received much attention by the WPHC, with the exception of
the sextant box. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The sextant box was examined by Cdr. G.B. Nasmyth
and Harold Gatty, the latter a world famous aerial navigator then organizing
commercial aviation operations in the Pacific. Gatty thought the box was
English and had most recently been used simply as a container. Gallagher had
identified the box as being for an “old fashioned” sextant “probably painted
over with black enamel.” Perhaps because celestial observations from aircraft
were made using a bubble octant rather than an old fashioned mariner’s sextant,
Gatty opined that the box would not have contained an instrument used in
trans-oceanic aeronautical navigation<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. Although
Gallagher reported the box to be marked with numbers, Nasmyth noted “no
distinguishing marks” and said only that the dovetailed corners suggested
French origin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TIGHAR research into the numbers on the sextant box leave
little doubt that it was for a Navy Surveying Sextant manufactured by Brandis
& Sons of Brooklyn, New York. The 3500 is apparently the maker's number,
while the 1542 was likely inscribed on the instrument and noted on its box when
it was inspected at the U.S. Naval Observatory.</span> <span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Brandis boxes
have dovetailed corners.</span> <span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A large number of Brandis sextants were
acquired by the U.S. Navy toward the end of World War I, and disposed of as
surplus thereafter. Some were modified for aeronautical use. Earhart’s
navigator, Fred Noonan, reportedly used a nautical sextant as a “preventer”
(back-up) instrument when navigating for Pan American on its Pacific routes,
and a photo of the navigation room in a Pan Am Clipper on which Noonan served
shows a Brandis sextant box.<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Archaeological
and Oral Historical Work Pertaining to the Seven Site<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1996, 2001,
2007, 2010 and 2017 we conducted archaeological surface survey and excavations
at the Seven Site. In 2011 a TIGHAR team visited veterans of the Nikumaroro
colony now living in the Solomon Islands and collected oral historical
information on uses of the site. A comprehensive report on Seven Site
archaeology is in preparation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Summary
of Research Results to Date<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In summary, there is archaeological and oral
historical evidence of human activity at the site during four time periods:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Before 1940, when a castaway may have
lived and died there;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In 1940-41, when Gallagher and the
colonists searched the site, likely in the context of logging its valuable
Kanawa (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cordia subcordata</i>) hardwood
and preparing the site for coconut planting;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In 1944-46, when U.S. Coast Guardsmen
from the nearby long range radio navigation (LORAN) station appear to have
hunted birds and conducted target practice at and around the site; and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sporadically from around 1941 through
the 1950s, when the area was cleared and planted in coconuts, and young men
from the colonial village occasionally camped there while hunting birds and
turtles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">These sequential activities have created a
complicated archaeological record, made more difficult to interpret by the fact
that there is virtually no soil at the Seven Site within which stratigraphy can
develop. Almost everything from all four phases of human activity occurs in the
uppermost ten centimeters of the coral rubble that makes up the site.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Analysis of the Seven Site is not yet complete<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
but we can say the following with some confidence about the pre-1940 “castaway”
period:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Someone ignited and maintained four substantial
campfires, presumably in sequence, scattered over an area of about 1100 square
meters. There are other smaller, more ephemeral campfire sites that we think
most likely reflect episodic use of the site during the 1941-63 period.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The four major campfire sites contain varying
quantities of fish, bird, and turtle bones. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The fish bones appear to represent an unselected
sample of reef species, suggesting to us that the camper was catching whatever
he or she could catch – unlike what could be expected of island people with
greater knowledge of the reef. The camper apparently removed the fish heads
before cooking, unlike island people who value and consume fish heads (Jones
2011).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The bird bones represent species readily available
on and around the Seven Site – boobies and frigate birds (Collins 2011).
Whoever caught them apparently skinned them – a behavior reported by colonial
veterans in the Solomon Islands but also employed in preparing fowl in the
United States<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Turtle bones include parts of the carapace and
plastron, probably representing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>one
adult sea turtle (Hutchison 2011), and long bones from several infantile
turtles (Jones 2011). Island people on the whole do not eat baby turtles. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Seven Site also contained two ca. 2m<sup>2</sup>
concentrations of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tridacna</i> sp. (“giant”)
clam shells, one representing seventeen clams, the other nineteen<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
In one deposit, adjacent to a campfire feature, the valves are undamaged, as
though they were opened simply by exposing them to heat. In the other, the
“lips” of several valves are damaged, apparently by the forceful insertion of a
small wedge found nearby, fashioned from the rim of a steel barrel. Some have
been smashed open with rocks. This is very atypical of island people, who know
how to harvest <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tridacna</i> clams by
quickly cutting their adductor muscles while they are filter-feeding in the
lagoon or on the reef, then cutting out the meat and leaving the valves behind.
If they do bring a complete <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tridacna</i>
ashore, they know that simple exposure to the heat of the sun or a fire will
cause its valves to open.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">We recovered (or recorded and left in place) a
diverse range of artifacts at the Seven Site. The most prominent were many
sheets of corrugated iron, rusted into tiny pieces, which we think were
associated either with clearing the site in 1940-41 (perhaps for skidding logs
down to the lagoon) or with post-war development of the site for coconuts. The
most common artifacts are cartridges and occasional spent slugs from M-1
carbines, carried by the U.S. Coast Guardsmen. A few .22 caliber rounds were
found, perhaps from a pistol that Gallagher is recorded as having owned. Most
interesting from the standpoint of identifying the castaway who presumably
lived and died at the site are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Two broken, partially melted bottles apparently dating to
before World War II, found in one of the campfire features, which appear to
have shattered while standing upright in the fire; we suspect that they
represent an attempt to boil water. One bottle was most likely made to contain St.
Joseph Liniment or St. Joseph Penetro (cough syrup) while the other was a returnable
U.S. beer bottle probably manufactured prior to World War II<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the
same campfire feature, both halves of a snap fastener consistent with those on
a </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Burroughs Wellcome & Co. wooden
“Tabloid” first aid kit; a “Tabloid” kit is documented to have been aboard
Earhart’s Electra on the first World Flight<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Two adjoining fragments of a piece of
thin beveled glass, almost certainly from a mirror, several fragments of red
material chemically consistent with early 20<sup>th</sup> century rouge, and
some tiny fragments of ferrous metal, all of which we interpret as the collective
remains of a woman’s compact, similar in shape and size to an object shown in
Earhart’s hands in two contemporary photographs (See King 2012);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A small footed jar that contained a
mercury-based product, similar to jars containing mercury-based ointment used
in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century to fade freckles (Earhart had freckles)(See
Cerniglia et al n.d.);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A fragment of a Mennen bottle, probably
once containing skin lotion;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The base of a skin or hair lotion bottle
whose base code indicates it was manufactured by <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Owens-Illinois at Plant 14 in Bridgeton, New Jersey<i> </i></span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(See
Cerniglia 2012);<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A bone-handled, double-bladed jackknife,
manufactured by the Imperial Cutlery Company of Providence, Rhode Island
sometime between 1930 and 1945, apparently disassembled to remove the blades,
possibly for use in fashioning a spear<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. A
similar but not identical knife is recorded as having been aboard Earhart’s
Electra after its accident in Hawaii during the first World Flight attempt;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A zipper pull, made by the U.S. based
Talon company and reliably dated to not earlier than 1933 and not later than
1936<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>;
Earhart wore zippered slacks, and carried at least one zippered bag in the
Electra; and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A tiny piece of aluminum foil with
lettering on it that, while sparse, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is consistent with
that of an American signal torch, and whose unmarked side exhibits traces of
sulfur (67%), silicon, zinc and iron consistent with flammable black powder.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Other artifacts, such as several leads for a
mechanical pencil, what may be the remains of a hair-curling iron, the probable
remnants of a flashlight battery, and many, many tiny fragments of thin ferrous
metal, remain in analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Finally, in 2010 we recovered a single phalanx
(finger/toe bone) from a spot under the Big Ren.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The University of Oklahoma DNA laboratory was
unable to extract usable DNA for analysis in 2010, so at present even species
identification is uncertain. It could have been the phalanx of a sea turtle
(though we have found no other adult sea turtle bones at the Seven Site other
than those of the carapace and plastron) or of a dolphin (though we have found
no other dolphin bones at the site). This bone is currently awaiting further
analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In 2015 Dawn Johnson retrieved samples of the coral
rubble “soil” at the base of the Big Ren. These were subjected to controlled
inspection by highly trained forensic dogs employed by the Institute for Canine
Forensics (ICF)<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Dogs alerted on two of the samples, indicating that they sensed an association
with human remains. This fortified our impression that the area around the Big Ren
is where the bones were found in 1940, and helped motivate the National
Geographic Society to support the 2017 work in which ICF canines alerted
repeatedly under the Big Ren. Soil samples from alert sites are currently under
analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Of course, there are multiple ways to account for
the artifacts, bones, shells and fire features that make up the Seven Site, but
one of the more efficient plausible hypotheses is that a woman from the United
States lived and died there in the late 1930s, after which several other uses
of the site complicated the evidence left by her presence and passing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cerniglia, Joseph. (2012, February 13). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Notion of a Lotion: Artifact 2-8-S-2a</i>. Retrieved from<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Research/Bulletins/62_LotionBottle/62_LotionBottle.htm<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cerniglia, Joseph; George, Greg; Lockhart, William; King,
Thomas. (2013, September 13). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Freckle in
Time or a Fly in the Ointment</i>. Retrieved from https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Archives/Research/ResearchPapers/freckleintime/FreckleInTime.html<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Collins, Sara (Pacific Studies Consulting, Inc. (2011) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Analysis of TIGHAR Faunal Materials</i>. Unpublished
report to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>TIGHAR .<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hutchison, Howard (University of California, Berkeley
[ret]). E-mail to the author, 11 April 2011.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Jones, Sharyn (University of Alabama, Birmingham). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Report on Zooarchaeological Remains from the Seven Site,
Nikumaroro, Phoenix Islands</i>. Unpublished report to TIGHAR.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
King, Thomas F. (2012, September 17). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Artifacts of the Seven Site: A Compact?</i> <a href="http://ameliaearhartarchaeology.blogspot.com/2012/09/artifacts-of-seven-site-compact.html">http://ameliaearhartarchaeology.blogspot.com/2012/09/artifacts-of-seven-site-compact.html</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
I’m grateful to Ric Gillespie and Joe Cerniglia for critical comments on drafts
of this paper; all responsibility for errors and omissions is mine, however.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Mandible with 5 teeth in place (one of which was apparently lost before
examination in Fiji); partial right scapula; first thoracic vertebra; rib
fragment; left humerus; right radius; right innominate; right femur; left
femur; right tibia; right fibula; right scaphoid.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
See <a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Bones_Chronology1.html">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Bones_Chronology1.html</a>
and subsequent pages for a complete presentation of the “bones papers” in
chronological context.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> https://tighar.org/Publications/TTracks/14_2/14_2bones.pdf<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i><u><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 9.0pt;">The Nikumaroro bones
identification controversy: First-hand examination versus evaluation by proxy —
Amelia Earhart found or still missing?</span></u></i><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 9.0pt;"> By Pamela J. Cross, Richard Wright. (<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext;">ScienceDirect at </span>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X15300109</span>.)</span></i><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Common names of trees used here, and by Gallagher, are those employed in the
language of Kiribati.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The clearing may have also been connected with the logging on the site that we
suspect led to discovery of the bones.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Except in and around the hole where we suspect that the cranium was buried for
a time.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
See <a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Bones_Chronology1.html">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Bones_Chronology1.html</a>
and subsequent pages, especially notes of 4 September, 23 September, 1 October,
6 October , 17 October 1940; 1 July, 8 August 1941.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
See <a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Bones_Chronology5.html">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Bones_Chronology5.html</a>8
August & 11 August 1941.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
See <a href="https://tighar.org/wiki/Sextant_box_found_on_Nikumaroro">https://tighar.org/wiki/Sextant_box_found_on_Nikumaroro</a>.
<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
See <a href="https://tighar.org/wiki/The_Seven_Site">https://tighar.org/wiki/The_Seven_Site</a>,
accessed 12/3/16, for a somewhat dated and incomplete interim report.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
This is indicated by a lack of lower leg and foot bones; when one skins a bird,
one pulls the skin down to the lower legs rather like removing a pair of
overalls, then cuts off the lower legs and discards them with the skin and
feathers. For a demonstration from the U.S., see <a href="http://www.backyardchickens.com/t/36358/skinning-a-chicken-warning-graphic-pics">http://www.backyardchickens.com/t/36358/skinning-a-chicken-warning-graphic-pics</a>,
accessed 12/3/16.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Scattered fragments nearby could indicate that each <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tridacna</i> feature originally contained one or more additional clams.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Based on consultations among Joseph Cerniglia, William Lockhart, and the
author. <span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The green bottle matches
Fuerst Design Patent 90023, which was used for St. Joseph Liniment and Penetro.
The beer bottle appears to be of the American Export style, intended for sale
within the United States west of the Mississippi River, and returnable.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
See http://ameliaearhartarchaeology.blogspot.it/2016/05/earharts-first-aid-kits-at-seven-site.html.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
See <a href="https://tighar.org/wiki/Pocket_knife">https://tighar.org/wiki/Pocket_knife</a>.
More parts of the same knife were recovered in 2010.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
See https://tighar.org/wiki/2-8-S-3<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/2017%20Trip/000-post-trip/00%20Reports/Jantz/Archaeo-background%201.9.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
See <a href="http://www.hhrdd.org/">http://www.hhrdd.org/</a> , accessed
12/3/16<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-631643338356859732018-02-19T10:38:00.000-08:002018-02-19T10:38:37.396-08:00Re-Analysis of 1941 Bones Measurements Suggests That The Bones Likely Were Amelia Earhart's<br />
<br />
<div align="center" class="blue18" style="line-height: 24.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #002663; font-family: "NasteRegular","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Press
Release<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="emphasisblue" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 18.0pt; orphans: 2; text-align: center; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: #002663; font-family: "NasteRegular","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">For Immediate Release, 6 February 2018<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="basicpage14" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 17.0pt; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "NasteLight","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A
newly published study further supports the hypothesis that Amelia Earhart
landed and died as a castaway on the remote atoll known as Nikumaroro (Gardner
Island).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="basicpage14" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 17.0pt; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "NasteLight","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="basicpage" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 15.0pt; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "NasteLight","serif";">A highly
technical peer-reviewed paper published in the scientific journal <em><span style="font-family: "NasteLight","serif";">Forensic Anthropology</span></em> compares
measurements of the bones of a castaway found on an uninhabited Pacific atoll
in 1940 with new quantified data on Amelia Earhart. The author concludes that
“Until definitive evidence is presented that the remains are not those of
Amelia Earhart, the most convincing argument is that they are hers.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "NasteLight","serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="basicpage" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 15.0pt; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "NasteLight","serif";">The study,
titled “Amelia Earhart and the Nikumaroro Bones – A 1941 Analysis versus Modern
Quantitative Techniques” is open access and can be downloaded at </span><span style="font-family: "NasteLight","serif";">the <a href="http://journals.upress.ufl.edu/fa/article/view/525" target="new" title="Jantz paper"><span style="color: windowtext;">University of Florida Press</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="basicpage" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 15.0pt; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "NasteLight","serif";">The author,
Richard L. Jantz, Ph.D., is Professor Emeritus and Director Emeritus at the
University of Tennessee Forensic Anthropology Center. The university’s
Anthropological Research Facility, famously known as “The Body Farm,” was
founded by Dr. William Bass. The donated body program was established in 1981
as a means of studying factors that affect human decomposition and to develop a
skeletal collection of modern Americans. Many of the skeletons used to
characterize Amelia Earhart were from the donated collection.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="basicpage" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 15.0pt; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "NasteLight","serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="basicpage" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 15.0pt; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "NasteLight","serif";">In 2005,
Richard Jantz and Stephen Ousley created Fordisc, a computer program for
estimating sex, ancestry, and stature from skeletal measurements. Now in version
3.1, Fordisc, is used by nearly every board certified forensic anthropologist
in the United States and many around the world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="basicpage" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 15.0pt; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "NasteLight","serif";">This latest
finding in the 80-year search for an answer to Earhart’s fate is the
culmination of research that began with TIGHAR’s 1998 discovery of original
British files that document the finding of a partial skeleton on Gardner Island
(now Nikumaroro) in 1940. The bones were suspected at the time of possibly
being the remains of Amelia Earhart. In 1941, a British colonial doctor concluded
that the bones belonged to a short, stocky European or mixed-race male. The
bones were subsequently lost.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="basicpage" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 15.0pt; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "NasteLight","serif";"><br /></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; width: 100%px; word-spacing: 0px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"></td>
<td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;">
<div style="line-height: 15.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "NasteLight","serif";">In 1998, forensic anthropologists Karen
Burns and Richard Jantz analyzed measurements of the bones included in the
British file. Using late 20th century forensic tools and techniques they
concluded that the skeleton appeared to be consistent with a white female of
Earhart’s height and ethnic origin. In 2015, British graduate student Pamela
Cross and Australian anthropologist Richard Wright took issue with Burns and
Jantz. In a paper published in the Journal of Archaeological Science they
argued that the original 1941 British findings were more likely correct.
Their study, titled “The Nikumaroro bones identification controversy:
First-hand examination versus evaluation by proxy — Amelia Earhart found or
still missing?” can be purchased at <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X15300109?via%3Dihub" target="new" title="Cross-Wright article"><span style="color: #b3b3b3;">Science
Direct</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "NasteLight","serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "NasteLight","serif";">Karen Burns died in 2012, but in response
to the 2015 Cross/Wright critique, Richard Jantz undertook a quantitative
analysis of the Nikumaroro bone measurements using the latest software and
new forensic information about Amelia Earhart’s physique obtained by TIGHAR
with the cooperation of Photek Forensic Imaging, the Smithsonian Air &
Space Museum, and Purdue University Special Collections. His newly released
paper, “Amelia Earhart and the Nikumaroro Bones – A 1941 Analysis versus
Modern Quantitative Techniques” is the result.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "NasteLight","serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "NasteLight","serif";">Dr. Jantz’s study stands in stark contrast
to the evidence presented in the July 2017 History Channel special “Amelia
Earhart – The Lost Evidence.” Shortly after the show aired, the lost evidence
– a photo said to show Earhart and Noonan in Japanese custody – was revealed
to be neither lost nor evidence when it was found to have come from a
Japanese tour book printed in 1935 – two years before the flyers disappeared.
The show was withdrawn from re-broadcast and a promised investigation by the
History Channel has, so far, not materialized.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 15.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "NasteLight","serif";"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "NasteLight","serif";">Since launching
The Earhart Project in 1988, TIGHAR has taken a science-based approach to
testing the hypothesis that the missing flight ended at Nikumaroro. Thirty
years of research suggests that Earhart made a relatively safe landing on the
dry reef at the west end of the uninhabited island. She and her navigator Fred
Noonan sent radio distress calls for six nights before rising tides washed the
airplane into the ocean where it broke up in the surf at the reef edge. An
over-flight by U.S. Navy search planes on the seventh day failed to spot the
stranded flyers. Earhart survived for a matter of weeks, perhaps months, before
dying at an improvised campsite near the atoll’s southeast end. Her partial
skeleton was found three years later when the British established a colony on
the island. Noonan’s fate is unknown.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="basicpage" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 15.0pt; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "NasteLight","serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="basicpage14" style="line-height: 17.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "NasteLight","serif";">For further information: Ric
Gillespie, Executive Director,<br />
TIGHAR, Phone: 610-467-1937, Email: <a href="mailto:tigharic@mac.com"><span style="color: windowtext;">tigharic@mac.com</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "NasteLight","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-65261962540639536922017-08-02T12:34:00.000-07:002017-08-02T12:34:25.584-07:00The Saddest Thing...Yes, we're back from Nikumaroro, and a very successful trip it was. Reports will be forthcoming as analyses are completed, and I'll put together a summary report shortly to publish here.<br />
<br />
But while we were gone, there was much <i>sturm und drang</i> about the "Japanese Capture Hypothesis" (presented by some of its adherents as the Manifest Truth). The History Channel put out a show about it -- now withdrawn after a key piece of evidence got authoritatively debunked -- and apparently got the ratings it sought, since people continue to ask me about it. I've watched the show, and don't think it's entirely without merit, though it's breathless, credulous, one-sided, and strikes me as a bit silly.<br />
<br />
But it's all made me ponder what I think is one of the saddest features of the Japanese Capture Hypothesis -- that its adherents have thrown up such a bunch of fluff that they've buried some real stories, about real people in places like the Marshall and Mariana Islands. These people's stories deserve to be remembered just as much as do Earhart's and Noonan's, but they're forgotten, and I find that very sad.<br />
<br />
Consider the "woman on the dock" who figures prominently in the History Channel show. Apparently a woman of European ethnicity, with shortish, maybe curly hair, sitting on a dock in (it's said) Jaluit in the Marshall Islands, with a tallish man of similar ethnicity standing nearby. These HAVE TO BE Earhart and Noonan, trumpet the Japanese Capture aficionados, some of them even after the image was revealed to have been published in 1935. Why? Well, because who ELSE could they be?<br />
<br />
Well, they could be lots of people. The Marshalls were held as a colonial possession by Germany from the late 1890s until 1917, when they were mandated to Japan by the League of Nations. Jaluit was the colonial center. There were lots of German traders, government people, medical personnel, missionaries, and probably beach bums, not all of whom simply evaporated when the Japanese Empire took over.<br />
<br />
I look a the woman on the dock and I wonder if she was, say, a doctor working in the local hospital, taking a bit of time off from her duties to watch the highly decorated schooners, each representing a village, preparing for their scheduled race. And I wonder what happened to her. Did she get sent home in 1937 or 38? Was she Jewish? Did she wind up in a camp? How sad that her story has been lost in the rush to turn her into Earhart.<br />
<br />
Or consider the well-dressed maybe American woman that eyewitnesses have said they saw in captivity on Saipan -- who in the eyes of the Japanese Capture aficionados just must have been Earhart. No matter that she was described by one eyewitness as "a little bit mestiza" -- i.e. of mixed race. The interviewer -- busily trying to establish that the witness had seen Earhart -- rushed right past that bit of intelligence. Which fits with stories told by some who worked with the Japanese authorities (but who can trust THEM, right?) about a Japanese-American woman who was imprisoned and maybe executed as a spy on Saipan.<br />
<br />
I wonder about her. Was she maybe a teacher, or again a medical worker, or a missionary, or perhaps just an adventurous young Nisei woman from, say, San Francisco who got a job on Saipan -- which too had been substantially developed by the Germans and then by the Japanese; it was no Bali Hai -- and got crosswise with the authorities when war came? Was she perhaps a US spy? Did she do great service to her country?<br />
<br />
We'll probably never know, because the rush to turn her into Earhart has destroyed her identity. As in the case of the woman on the dock in Jaluit.<br />
<br />
Archaeologists are story tellers. I hate to see a story lost. So losing the stories of the woman on the dock, and the woman in the Saipan jail, makes me very sad.<br />
<br />
<br />Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-19668868155585780662016-08-08T13:12:00.001-07:002016-08-09T04:40:20.760-07:00The Lady and the Lake: Joe Cerniglia's Analysis of a Vial from the Colonial Village Site at Ritiati, Nikumaroro<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 22pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Lady and the Lake</span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">by
Joe Cerniglia</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Editor's Preface: Another artifact analysis by one of TIGHAR's most redoubtable researchers. </span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Please note the continuing need for data on pharmaceutical bottles from Australia and New Zealand. Finding a clear Antipodal match for the vial that Joe describes would be the simplest and surest way to disqualify it as an Ameliafact. TFK</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">During the 2015 “In Search of Amelia Earhart”
trip to Nikumaroro, organized by Betchart Expeditions, Kimberly Zimmerman
spotted an amber medicine vial, resting on the ground among other glass vessels
near the colonial village’s fallen co-operative store. The vial measures
roughly 10 by 2 centimeters and has a flute-edged cap apparently made of
aluminum. The cap has been punctured in the center as though with a sharp
object. Both the cap and the base of the vial have machine-made markings. Since
glass vessels in the village are assumed to be associated with the Nikumaroro
colony, active from 1939 to 1963, we decided not to bring the vial back with
us, but we took photographs. Since then, we have become interested in some of
the vial’s attributes. We plan to retrieve this artifact when we return to the
island in 2017. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXU5f6g0s5DjfnyKylZVctqc4gCW6cm3jRokd_40Cuvw2y7DO6cJnyj-uFWyTt0UldGsD21cu9QDGH8ARRdlWK9u39nS4ZCwEemyVhNz0JVCx5wju1oDarAjdN1psWxho98I9grOi5Obk/s1600/Fig+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXU5f6g0s5DjfnyKylZVctqc4gCW6cm3jRokd_40Cuvw2y7DO6cJnyj-uFWyTt0UldGsD21cu9QDGH8ARRdlWK9u39nS4ZCwEemyVhNz0JVCx5wju1oDarAjdN1psWxho98I9grOi5Obk/s320/Fig+1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 1: the amber vial</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">While the vial awaits recovery, the
photographs we took provided some data to consider. We began by looking at the circular
inscription on the top of the vial’s cap.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Inscription on the Cap<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We were struck by this inscription, which, on
account of time and wear, is mostly illegible, save for a few consecutive letters:
UCA | PHARM<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzRvBMp2p8Jgi6Hj_14UkFKqxtuZK-pxZQdUUrvKpH-jzjS2sY93GaIX5S5kkEW4wsjXo-0LbBmHarWb1rVI5Ua0qkWO7FMN1enIauPkO4LfvysYig0UvsvQQxq_clDaiLQX9mTi1d8T8/s1600/Fig+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzRvBMp2p8Jgi6Hj_14UkFKqxtuZK-pxZQdUUrvKpH-jzjS2sY93GaIX5S5kkEW4wsjXo-0LbBmHarWb1rVI5Ua0qkWO7FMN1enIauPkO4LfvysYig0UvsvQQxq_clDaiLQX9mTi1d8T8/s320/Fig+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 2: The top of the cap</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Since available literature supports the idea
that amber vials were most commonly used for medicines,<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> it
would seem safe to presume that the second word on the top of the cap is
“Pharmacy.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The word before “Pharmacy” is more
problematic, since only 3 terminal letters, UCA, remain. Presumably, it
represents the name of the pharmacy in which the vial was filled and capped. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">While pondering this inscription, we noticed
the intriguing coincidence between those three letters “UCA” and the fact that
Earhart resided in Tol<u>uca</u> Lake from early November 1934<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
until taking off from Oakland, California for what became her last flight on
May 20, 1937. Her first home in Toluca Lake was a rented cottage on 10515
Valley Spring Lane. She and George Putnam moved into their last residence in
the neighborhood on 10042 Valley Spring Lane on September 21, 1935.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Additionally, we recalled the many other glass
vessels found in various locales on the island that might have come from an
American pharmacy<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
many of which are not easily placed in the context of a remote Pacific island
inhabited by Tuvaluan and Gilbertese colonists (but which might be placed in
the context of the U.S. Coast Guard Loran Station that operated on the southern
tip of the island from 1944 to 1946). We have spent considerable time studying
these other apparently pharmacy-based vessels. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There was no telling yet if the vial had come
from an American pharmacy, and perhaps the Toluca Lake association was coincidental,
but it would have been hasty to conclude this before setting out to discover
what “UCA PHARM” may have meant, and how old the vial may have been.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Exploring Village Suppliers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The vial was found, again, on the site of the
abandoned village colony. We know that the colony was supplied at various times
by an Australian firm, On Chong & Company of Sydney.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The
idea that the vial was supplied by an Australian pharmacy with the letters UCA at
the end of a word in its business name was therefore a lead we definitely wished
to pursue.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Unfortunately, we were unable to locate any
historical directories of pharmacies in Australia. An exhaustive check of
Australian sources of the vial was therefore not possible. However, we were
able to locate a database of all present-day cities and towns on Earth, which included
the names of locales whose names end in UCA, in Australia and elsewhere, thus
suggesting pharmacies adopting those names.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This world database showed there is only one town
in Australia whose last three letters end in UCA: Echuca. An online search of
present-day pharmacies in Echuca showed that there is an Echuca Amcal Pharmacy
in business there. We received no reply from a letter we wrote to Echuca Amcal
Pharmacy inquiring whether it had ever seen the amber vial, so our inquiries
into possible Australian connections to the vial appear to have reached an
impasse. We lack the data at present to investigate more thoroughly.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The relative proximity of Nikumaroro to New
Zealand and the fact that the island colony was a British possession would
argue for New Zealand and the United Kingdom as the next likely sources of
origin for a vial found in the village. Again, however, we were unable to
locate any historical directories of pharmacies in these locales. We did find,
perhaps tellingly, that the world database showed there are no cities or towns
in either of these countries whose names, or words within their names, end in
the letters UCA.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Exploring American Leads<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">On the other hand, at least in the U.S., there
was much more data at hand to collect and to analyze. A complete yearbook of U.S.
drug stores in operation has been available since 1912 through an annual
publication known as the Hayes Druggist Directory. From a detailed study of
available Hayes Directories<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and online pharmacy directories from 1922 to 2015, we created a database
spreadsheet of all pharmacies in the U.S. whose business name, city, or street
address has the letters UCA at the end of a word.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Each pharmacy that satisfied these criteria was placed at the head of its own
column on this spreadsheet. The rows of the spreadsheet represent the calendar
years 1922 to 2015, inclusive. If the pharmacy was in business for the year
represented by a row, then a numeral was placed in the cell in which that
calendar year (row) and that pharmacy (column) intersect. The numeral in
relevant cells of the spreadsheet represents a “commercial strength” score of
between 1 and 90, which is a rough comparator of the worth of inventory-on-hand
of each pharmacy in each year it was in business, as computed by Hayes.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn10" title="">[10]</a></span></span><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn10" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSvEbl39PXjCX9XqZ6vgQNqjPtYOO_9fcq6fqfzJZ2Xudkeag8_o9_zjcguI3jbOaTcl_cuq5_l5ZL2-zwNEWu3f_hxqBKK8iRtJSnCj9dI0wAGhjUoewBgefOaCaSFM8ZmchERj_OBS8/s1600/Fig+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSvEbl39PXjCX9XqZ6vgQNqjPtYOO_9fcq6fqfzJZ2Xudkeag8_o9_zjcguI3jbOaTcl_cuq5_l5ZL2-zwNEWu3f_hxqBKK8iRtJSnCj9dI0wAGhjUoewBgefOaCaSFM8ZmchERj_OBS8/s320/Fig+3.jpg" width="239" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 3: Hayes Directories on a table at the Chemical Heritage Foundation, Philadelphia Pennsylvania</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj750qQlQhIktrs1y-8xPJ_sqno25sQqy95ym-EE0K9QmNXI9AOfJl8g1Ai88YdJXIY7VJXh8CMdDnK7XdDOS8LSEEQtTeGNIDxtWhVN5OeHxfRal998OW5mc2rUxPlb67cq_e_msyfalQ/s1600/Fig+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj750qQlQhIktrs1y-8xPJ_sqno25sQqy95ym-EE0K9QmNXI9AOfJl8g1Ai88YdJXIY7VJXh8CMdDnK7XdDOS8LSEEQtTeGNIDxtWhVN5OeHxfRal998OW5mc2rUxPlb67cq_e_msyfalQ/s320/Fig+4.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 4: Hayes Directory key for commercial strength</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">By summing the commercial strength scores for
each pharmacy in each column, a final score was computed for each pharmacy’s
commercial strength for all the years it was in business from 1922 to 2015. By
dividing each pharmacy’s final commercial strength score by the sum total of
all the pharmacies’ scores, the relative proportional contribution of each
pharmacy to the total commercial strength of the “UCA pharmacy market” was
obtained as a percentage.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">From this survey of directories we
discovered:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Overall, U.S. pharmacies with UCA at the end
of the business name, street address or city are rare. Only 26 were located in
a 94-year period. There were six that were in business last year. Given that
there were 60,276 pharmacies operating in the United States last year,<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
this means that roughly .01% (1 in 10,000) of the total U.S. pharmacies last
year satisfied the criteria for inclusion in this analysis. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">41% of the UCA pharmacies’ total commercial
strength scores come from a single pharmacy in Amelia Earhart’s neighborhood, the
Toluca Lake district of North Hollywood, California. This pharmacy was for most
of its long history (1936-1991) known officially as the “Lakeside Pharmacy in
Toluca Lake, North Hollywood,” but there was a brief period (1937-38) when it
was listed in the San Fernando Valley City Directory simply as “Toluca Lake
Pharmacy.”<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn12" title="">[12]</a></span></span><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn12" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">62% of the UCA pharmacies’ total commercial
strength scores come from nine pharmacies, all with the word ‘Toluca’ in their
name, within 3.1 miles of the Toluca Lake district, in North Hollywood, Studio
City, and Burbank, California. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">When the sample size is adjusted, such that
only pharmacies with names ending in UCA are included in the database,
discarding pharmacies occupying streets or cities whose names end in UCA, 88%
of the remaining UCA pharmacies’ total commercial strength scores come from
nine pharmacies within 3.1 miles of the Toluca Lake district of North
Hollywood, Studio City, and Burbank, California.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We do not know whether Amelia Earhart was a
customer of the Toluca Lake Pharmacy, much less whether she bought anything in
vials there, but in three letters Earhart wrote to her mother before the world
flight, she mentions a “vegetable concentrate” pharmacy elixir, telling of the
benefits her husband, George Putnam, derived from taking it, and urging her
mother, sister, niece and nephew to try some.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
In one of the letters she states that a “Dr. Friend,”<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
would be willing to “make up a concentrate suitable for individual needs.”
Vegetable and fruit concentrates often sold in vials, and still do today, as in
the photo below.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgikB7VdEwW-q-nxaz_157fJbbbI7UUNJJZS25Kj1Nxfh6jji2NUr35djMFq__2sOmrOsU0kXSVSHsW_k2qsh2sSoTJK4LNDzNOLU_6xnC3x2U7VqCWqEVsYin_54KjYh5z1TLOfjNAPGo/s1600/Fig+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgikB7VdEwW-q-nxaz_157fJbbbI7UUNJJZS25Kj1Nxfh6jji2NUr35djMFq__2sOmrOsU0kXSVSHsW_k2qsh2sSoTJK4LNDzNOLU_6xnC3x2U7VqCWqEVsYin_54KjYh5z1TLOfjNAPGo/s320/Fig+5.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 5: Modern fruit concentrate vials</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Both of Earhart’s residences in Toluca Lake
were between .7 and .8 miles of Toluca Lake Pharmacy. There was no pharmacy
nearer by. The next nearest pharmacy to Earhart’s neighborhood in 1937 was W.D.
Roberts Drugs, which was 1.4 miles distant.</span><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[15]</span></span></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">None of the research thus far, however, had
attempted to answer the question of whether the vial was even old enough to
have been brought to the island by Amelia Earhart, or whether it could be ruled
out from having been brought by Earhart on account of its presumed age. To
begin to answer this question, we turned our attention to the markings on the
vial’s base.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Marks of Distinction?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Base markings can often identify a bottle’s
manufacturer, the year in which a bottle was made, or a range of years in which
a bottle could have been made.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">On the base of the vial, there is a numeral 2
to the left of an unidentified central mark, and a numeral 0 to the right of
it, along with a letter code, NT, centered below the mark.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqLrYIy3IxjZqmv1E5g-daUu_UvDXtH5hP8MksTT-nbGweTLqL6Q9rDhaipqhUnkciKgiW2BnZDMBXB1zMFvL0Bh16k-ZkIxc-gV6xy2W3v3lbqNHj4RmDr1d7tdwF-Quoau-rRx4JZDU/s1600/Fig+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqLrYIy3IxjZqmv1E5g-daUu_UvDXtH5hP8MksTT-nbGweTLqL6Q9rDhaipqhUnkciKgiW2BnZDMBXB1zMFvL0Bh16k-ZkIxc-gV6xy2W3v3lbqNHj4RmDr1d7tdwF-Quoau-rRx4JZDU/s320/Fig+6.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 6: The base of the vial</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The Society for Historical Archaeology’s Bottle
Research Group</span><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[16]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">
(a group that helps archaeologists and others identify bottles) and members of
the Australian Antique Bottle Forum</span><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[17]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> examined
these marks. Neither group was able to match the marks to any glass trademark they
had seen or could reference.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The markings, however, share features with
what the Owens-Illinois Glass Company used on its bottle bases from 1929 to
1954, as shown in the following photos:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiqwgx1JLaRWo2d8PkOD-AEkqfuuqynTuNIlZx4TrfBiZzXr7GntG02SZesKubHvxpgMgddePiKKw2l7WGwYBrnyeQyRgwXI8gKJ-6FjF7riqMqLV327xszGX5o7kB6qw9y_uOp9J2pZ4/s1600/Fig+7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiqwgx1JLaRWo2d8PkOD-AEkqfuuqynTuNIlZx4TrfBiZzXr7GntG02SZesKubHvxpgMgddePiKKw2l7WGwYBrnyeQyRgwXI8gKJ-6FjF7riqMqLV327xszGX5o7kB6qw9y_uOp9J2pZ4/s320/Fig+7.jpg" width="239" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 7: Toulouse (1971) illustration of OI mark with key explaining the meaning of the numeral<span style="font-size: x-small;">s</span><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: start;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[18]</span></span></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzGUK4Xi1GdJPtFhywmOhIcXH496JMMT4dAR-KVxPW4XpiVUhyphenhyphenmHDKK8cP03Hgsmas94JkykFXuU01HYJjhZa4lHRjfNU6Z8r-FzafEG8JnRnYib84UndLoIC_cx8dzLnRDi05cK-2yPc/s1600/Fig+8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzGUK4Xi1GdJPtFhywmOhIcXH496JMMT4dAR-KVxPW4XpiVUhyphenhyphenmHDKK8cP03Hgsmas94JkykFXuU01HYJjhZa4lHRjfNU6Z8r-FzafEG8JnRnYib84UndLoIC_cx8dzLnRDi05cK-2yPc/s320/Fig+8.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 8: Compared vials</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The green vial base on the left side of the above
photo has the first Owens-Illinois trademark, "I" within a diamond over an oval,
used from 1929 to 1954. The base of the amber vial found on Nikumaroro, on the
right side of the above photo, has a letter "I" nested between brackets. Both
vials have the same triadic arrangement of codes to the left, right, and
beneath the mark. The Nikumaroro vial, however, lacks a central oval, shown in
red, which, if it were present, would have heightened its resemblance to the
Owens-Illinois base mark.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">One way to explain the discrepancy relates to
quality control problems. Glass factories used a lubricant called dope to
prevent bottles from sticking to their molds. If a plant failed to clean the
molds, whether from pressure to meet deadlines or simple oversight, the dope deteriorated
and built up on the surface, so that letters or numbers on the finished bottle
could be obscured or become very faint.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> If
degraded dope did build up on the mold that made the vial, it could have
obscured the trademark of the Owens-Illinois Glass Company (or another
company).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">However, it goes without saying that facts,
not hypotheses, are needed to identify a bottle mark conclusively. The only
marks that can offer facts are those that are <u>present</u>, not those that
may or may not be absent. Thus, although we hoped to learn the vial’s maker or
its manufacture date, the markings on the base of the vial were simply too
obscure to yield this information with certainty.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Cap of the Vial: Datable Features?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We then turned our attention to the cap on
the vial (excluding the inscription, which has already been discussed) in the hope
that it would provide answers to our questions about when and where the vial
was made. Three noteworthy features suggest the cap is of the roll-on variety,
distinct from the far more common pre-threaded caps:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The cap is conformed tightly to the vial such that it could not
easily be removed. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Roll-on
caps were, and are, “pressed in the capping machine by rotating rollers and
shaped to conform with the individual bottle’s threads.”<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
While one cannot discount the possibility the cap is misshapen from repeated
use, or originated from a container other than the vial itself, poor fit was a
common complaint of caps in general in the early 1930s.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
R-O caps specifically were known to stick because defects in the threads of the
finish could cause the cap to be “drawn into the defect, locking the cap on and
making it very difficult for the consumer to remove.”<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The cap is made of heavy gauge metal, probably aluminum, and is
not rusted. It has no outwardly rolled distal wire edge, as would be common on
ordinary pre-threaded screw caps.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The
Aluminum Seal Company (Alseco), a subsidiary<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
of the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) of New Kensington, Pennsylvania, first
introduced roll-on caps, also known as R-O, in 1924. R-O caps were “initially used”
in the early years after 1924 “for prescription drugs and later in some
vapor-vacuum sealed caps for foods.”<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> While
not all aluminum caps are R-O caps, it would appear that all R-O caps are
aluminum, due to aluminum’s excellent malleability.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
They can be found today on liquor bottles and some condiments, such as olive
oil.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The cap has a rectangular tab-like indentation a few millimeters
wide on the lower part of its skirt, in which the metal appears to have been
broken off from the cap.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The
rectangular indentation, visible in the lower right corner of the cap on the
amber vial in the photo below, could be a remnant of a tamper-proof seal patented
in 1933 by Alcoa specifically for R-O closures.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The seal was pressed around the base of the cap during the production process
of crimping the cap with rollers. One removed the seal by pulling up on a tab. Once
removed, a portion of the depending metal skirt could be deformed or torn away.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG7nkoatQSh89xVMufQlN1H5SnhF8uCQxkjNzJmJvFAzwqWtqK5UFjAm39f1s2Mu1Q3M0PxgLrMQp4IzwNd2RowONTu2fAMDWabJMRVdqV9Y77M30tGj3QXeXetkug-x67ShZKgzGkTRQ/s1600/Fig+9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG7nkoatQSh89xVMufQlN1H5SnhF8uCQxkjNzJmJvFAzwqWtqK5UFjAm39f1s2Mu1Q3M0PxgLrMQp4IzwNd2RowONTu2fAMDWabJMRVdqV9Y77M30tGj3QXeXetkug-x67ShZKgzGkTRQ/s320/Fig+9.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 9: Amber vial and 1936 Seagram's advertisement for pilfer-proof R-O cap</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUk4uL9MoEvFun-LwUJwdRFZf4sPmqTB8Mq7LmSffDwVbYi4XsDdU0rSO78e3rRBGxlSf0JN8sgsMm31K1ijFtbmec1VL-XCK1VE5bw3ONMf82NB-OEPEhgbmn3ozPjU1UWCo3ytqsUho/s1600/Fig+10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUk4uL9MoEvFun-LwUJwdRFZf4sPmqTB8Mq7LmSffDwVbYi4XsDdU0rSO78e3rRBGxlSf0JN8sgsMm31K1ijFtbmec1VL-XCK1VE5bw3ONMf82NB-OEPEhgbmn3ozPjU1UWCo3ytqsUho/s320/Fig+10.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 10: Amber vial and close-up of Seagram's advertisement</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In summary, then, we have:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The poorly fitting aluminum cap, probably R-O,
introduced in 1924 by Alseco, and <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The rectangular tab of missing cap material, possibly
representing a pilfer-proof seal patented in 1933 by Alcoa, parent of Alseco.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If we are interpreting these features correctly,
they could indicate the cap was made between 1924 and the mid-1930s.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The cap could also have been made at a later
time, however, since the use of R-O seals on drug containers continued long
past the 1930s. Although aluminum closures “seem to have been banned
altogether” during World War II,<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and despite aluminum shortages during the Korean War (1950-53),<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
R-O caps on drug bottles were marketed in the 1950s and 1960s, and “might yet
be in use in Central America.”<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> These
later R-O caps are described in trade literature as having a “locking band
attached to the cap by small metal bridges… (The locking band) remains on the
bottle after the cap is removed.”<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> One
can easily locate this type of R-O cap today on condiments sold in supermarkets.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">While the Nikumaroro vial does not have a
persisting locking band, such a band could have been removed from the cap
during its history.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In general, however, R-O aluminum closures on
medicine containers appear to have been very rare. We surveyed hundreds of
medicine vials and pill bottles at auction on eBay and Etsy.com. With one
exception, all the caps on these containers, dated from 1932 to 2003, appeared
to be pre-threaded, not roll-on. A very small number appeared to be aluminum,
but the vast majority appeared to be tinplate or Bakelite. We obtained a sample
of these containers at auction. All the caps on the bottles from this sample
were easily removed.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The only medicine bottle we found, in
addition to the vial itself, that appears to have an aluminum R-O cap was a bottle
of topical cocaine ointment, pictured below. The bottle has the locking band as
described in postwar trade journals, and a paper label dated February 2003. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIx6IxCgr58awcM09ty3XuOZBUzcRBWUPJKbDLH5hZ6wjOlsmcneUmQ5JjrpmzPCHVKs_u6cghCsiV7LcB31iCg4JjgbYkp0gP7o6zLRymg85B5BoJ_-yCBT3Owf3sWYBfitcbnDx4T8U/s1600/Fig+11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIx6IxCgr58awcM09ty3XuOZBUzcRBWUPJKbDLH5hZ6wjOlsmcneUmQ5JjrpmzPCHVKs_u6cghCsiV7LcB31iCg4JjgbYkp0gP7o6zLRymg85B5BoJ_-yCBT3Owf3sWYBfitcbnDx4T8U/s320/Fig+11.jpg" width="196" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 11: Cocaine hydrochloride bottle with R-O cap</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">We have been seeking but lack data concerning
when R-O closures were used on drug containers in countries other than the
United States. It could be that the absence of data indicates this type of cap was
seldom or never used on drug containers elsewhere in the world, but we cannot
say for sure.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A Knurly Problem<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Experts from the Bottle Research Group have
identified one feature of the vial, however, that causes them to say it is definitely
<u>not</u> from the 1930s and thus could not possibly be Earhart’s. They say
the little tooth-like marks on the perimeter of the base are datable to the
1950s or later.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPPSZh7uCqr8AyD-b8h5H2emzQRAVfFjzuWWcidEjcH9hIhYOXwJ7tCcLw5IZAiR7kCv50srmXzdi0xmlNhFL86APNLEkIxRPxjswmR1l3eq6pRAV4__ekP4XPaf9KzHQGEPjHEG2JxI4/s1600/Fig+12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPPSZh7uCqr8AyD-b8h5H2emzQRAVfFjzuWWcidEjcH9hIhYOXwJ7tCcLw5IZAiR7kCv50srmXzdi0xmlNhFL86APNLEkIxRPxjswmR1l3eq6pRAV4__ekP4XPaf9KzHQGEPjHEG2JxI4/s320/Fig+12.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 12: Perimeter knurling on base of the vial</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The tooth-like marks are an example of what
is known as resting point knurling, defined as marks impressed by machine to
the bottle mold, which in turn create marks on the perimeter (the resting
point) of a slightly concave bottle base. According to Russ Hoenig, a former Owens-Illinois
shop foreman, these marks offered protection to the glass against cracking. These
and other like marks “became a necessity as bottles were light-weighted with
thinner glass. The cold checks (cracks) present on all bottles formed prior to
annealing now penetrated proportionately deeper through the glass wall
thickness on lightweight flow-manufactured bottles, which caused breakage.”</span><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[33]</span></span></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The earliest documented date assigned to
resting point knurling of the type exhibited on the Nikumaroro medicine vial is
1958. Coincidentally, that date is based on another Nikumaroro glass vessel, a green
beverage container upturned as a grave marker on the western shore of the
island, a few hundred meters north of the landing channel (<i>editor's note: the Ritiati Bottle Grave, recorded in 1997 and again in 2015, now heavily eroded)</i>. That bottle has a
date code of “58” to the right of the second Owens-Illinois trademark, which
first appeared on bottles in 1954.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4kWCzwfWV8WnJ6DzCHJh33iFgZLzvQQU2C7pCl_YCq72Y8UFGm4WhUP-16StJUwp4yPUWF0NK1n-RaIlpUsJN3mrvaeYXr9Rb7FzVF7R2kIZngjZk2988M2mdjxpSZP0czKn4awhRVGI/s1600/Fig+13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4kWCzwfWV8WnJ6DzCHJh33iFgZLzvQQU2C7pCl_YCq72Y8UFGm4WhUP-16StJUwp4yPUWF0NK1n-RaIlpUsJN3mrvaeYXr9Rb7FzVF7R2kIZngjZk2988M2mdjxpSZP0czKn4awhRVGI/s320/Fig+13.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 13: Green beverage bottle in grave on western shore of Nikumaroro</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Base markings used to prevent cracking could,
as in the case of the amber vial, surround the perimeter of a bottle base, but
much more often they covered the entire base. Where such marks were impressed on
the mold’s base plate by machine, they are called full base knurling. Where such
marks were impressed on the mold’s base plate by hand, they are called full
base stippling. According to the Bottle Research Group, full base knurling by
machine first appeared in 1945, and full base stippling by hand first appeared
in general use in 1940.</span><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[34]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[35]</span></span></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">However, the timeline constructed by the
Bottle Research Group may not be perfect. There is evidence that full base
stippling by hand appeared on select drug containers as early as 1932. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Antidotes<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We have located two identically designed “Abbott
Lab” pill bottles in amber with full base hand stippling, identical base
markings (including the same plant number and year code), and identical prescription
wraparound labels. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTYQdk6c8DyHNMCn5LeOkqulBh5p6raT9okc5bG92JctcbBEAgFscQ7JE0pGzL8vzDGWL1q4zszEx_Aitjb4cJ_Jtb6xRZfx8WaoiWlOaTXZc83M5I7ZUWAaLRQOB95dnMLj3ObATrsrQ/s1600/Fig+14.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTYQdk6c8DyHNMCn5LeOkqulBh5p6raT9okc5bG92JctcbBEAgFscQ7JE0pGzL8vzDGWL1q4zszEx_Aitjb4cJ_Jtb6xRZfx8WaoiWlOaTXZc83M5I7ZUWAaLRQOB95dnMLj3ObATrsrQ/s320/Fig+14.PNG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 14: Twin pill bottles</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRX-rLp-Qj2QTBTIS0W5A2q_aOhA2EwL4oL_X8aPGqGucyr8PFpMxfFXKN2KrQ2vbLckXOFCwYmeKFoFowLQvdJqh9k_ggOX2y_ML_fq7AykMWQqtnM_Ll_lR7s4FOFjI6ySDzRh_BAAo/s1600/Fig+15.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRX-rLp-Qj2QTBTIS0W5A2q_aOhA2EwL4oL_X8aPGqGucyr8PFpMxfFXKN2KrQ2vbLckXOFCwYmeKFoFowLQvdJqh9k_ggOX2y_ML_fq7AykMWQqtnM_Ll_lR7s4FOFjI6ySDzRh_BAAo/s320/Fig+15.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 15: The base of one of the Abbott Lab pill bottles</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The label on one of the bottles has been
sunned to the point that most of the printing is no longer legible. The label
on the other is legible, but the typewritten year of its prescription date is
slightly faded. To help determine exactly what the year on the label of this
bottle is, we consulted a board-certified document examiner. Emily Will, D-BFDE
(http://qdewill.com), stated her professional opinion, based on rigorously
certified techniques, that the year of the label’s prescription date is 1934.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">On the base of the bottle with the dated
label, the embossed year-of-manufacture code, situated to the right of the
first Owens-Illinois trademark (used from 1929 to 1954), is a 2. This
represents a year ending in the numeral 2. We presume that the bottle was
manufactured in the year of the prescription date on the label, or in a prior
year, such that the bottle’s year of manufacture must be earlier than or equal
to 1934. The only calendar year between 1929 and 1954 that ends in 2 and is
earlier than or equal to 1934 is 1932. Therefore, it is reasonable to presume
this bottle with full base stippling and a dated paper label was manufactured
in 1932. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We have located another amber medicine
bottle, also with full base stippling. This bottle’s design is patented, as
indicated by a patent number, 94824, stamped on the base. The U.S. Patent
Office approved the patent in 1935.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The plant number, situated on the base to the left of the first Owens-Illinois
mark (1929-1954), is Owens-Illinois plant number 4, Clarksburg, West Virginia,
which went idle in 1944.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The
year-of-manufacture code, situated on the base to the right of the mark, is a 9,
which signifies a year ending in the numeral 9. Based on the Clarksburg plant’s
years of operation, the bottle cannot be dated to 1949. Based on the patent
date, it cannot be dated to 1929. Therefore, the bottle is dated with certainty
to 1939, a year prior to the earliest previously documented example of full
base stippling.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhgk0xkDyHXn_alxZFvjFfLYuTq_ph9PZi73t83m0FacyU5O8uOx3dkLIE1L2ASOk9WwO3KCigmZbT7fTfV22E2azZK_y5WblhKOnDkeKQ-cQ-gWYTVQamWoswedhxw5E5AjB5B326VXk/s1600/Fig+16.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhgk0xkDyHXn_alxZFvjFfLYuTq_ph9PZi73t83m0FacyU5O8uOx3dkLIE1L2ASOk9WwO3KCigmZbT7fTfV22E2azZK_y5WblhKOnDkeKQ-cQ-gWYTVQamWoswedhxw5E5AjB5B326VXk/s320/Fig+16.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 16: Base of 1939 amber medicine bottle</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">While we have yet seen no glass container
earlier than 1958 with the same resting point knurling as found on the
Nikumaroro vial, the pill bottle and the patented amber bottle demonstrate that
no dating system is perfect. Careful research may occasionally uncover exceptions
to any archaeological dating rule. The Bottle Research Group looked closely at
beer and soda bottles for relevant examples when it constructed its timeline,
but it appears that it did not inspect medicine containers.</span><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[39]</span></span></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">An Amelia-fact?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Since full base stippling was first used on
some medicine containers a few years before beer and soda, it may be that
perimeter knurling followed a like pattern, first appearing on select medicines
in the 1930s and then later on beverages in the 1940s once it was needed for
the lighter weight bottles. We do not know whether these speculations are true,
but they are logical. If they <u>are</u> true, and if the vial really is from
the U.S., then Amelia Earhart just may have brought the vial from Toluca Lake
Pharmacy to the island. At least the possibility should not be ruled out. But
we have other caveats, such as:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">If the vial was Earhart’s, it likely took a
circuitous route to the village, which is “not where we are likely to find
Earhart-related objects in their original contexts.”<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Instead, it was likely brought there from somewhere else.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">We do not know the full list of pharmacies in
the world whose name, street, or city end in UCA, but, as has been stated, we
do know that the colony was supplied by an Australian firm, which could easily
be a source of pharmaceutical vials.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">We know that at least five Coast Guardsmen at
the Loran Station on Nikumaroro between 1944 and 1946 lived before the war in
U.S. cities or towns that were within driving distance (1 to 100 miles) of several
towns with pharmacies in the database of UCA pharmacies.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Conclusions and Questions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Some of the Nikumaroro artifacts fascinate because
they may be of a certain time, the 1930s, or of a certain person, a castaway. The
amber vial fascinates because, although it is not proven to be, it just might be
of a certain place, a little village in California that once counted Amelia
Earhart among its own – along with a friendly drug store, named Toluca.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Since the island, however, had its own
village, and a history of colonists, Coast Guardsmen, explorers, researchers
and others, who doubtless used medicines, there exist other equally or more equally
plausible ideas as to the amber vial’s provenance. We have ideas, but few
definitive answers. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nevertheless, there are some questions that
might be answerable, definitively we hope, through further research, to which
anyone is welcome to contribute:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Have you seen the markings found on the bottom of the vial on
other glass vessels? Can you say what they mean?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Can you locate any of the following at auction, antique shops or archaeological
sites?</span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">R-O closures on medicine containers<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Medicine containers with resting point
knurling<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Base-stippled medicine containers whose
manufacture date is from the 1930s<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Toluca Lake Pharmacy vials<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Do you know of other pharmacies outside the U.S., in Australia or
elsewhere, with names ending in “UCA”? Do you know of any we missed inside the
U.S.?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We also have some questions that might be
answerable by those intrepid researchers fortunate enough to be on the next cruise
to Nikumaroro in 2017:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">A. What types of medicine containers (vials, pill bottles, etc.) can
be found near the village dispensary and elsewhere in the village?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">B. Can the amber vial be located again, recorded for its context and
associations, and retrieved for further analysis? If so, what tests might bring
back the most relevant data?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Research will continue on these questions and,
very likely and in keeping with the nature of a mystery, many more that we have
not yet thought to ask.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Selected Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Backus, Jean L. <u>Letters From Amelia: An Intimate Portrait of
Amelia Earhart</u>. Boston: Beacon Press, 1982.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Bender, Nathan E. <u>Historic Bottle and Jar Closures</u>. Walnut
Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2016.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Giles, Geoff A. <u>Handbook of Beverage
Packaging</u>. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 1999.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Griffenhagen, George and Bogard, Mary. <u>History of Drug
Containers and Their Labels</u>. Madison, WI: American Institute of the History
of Pharmacy, 1999.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hanlon, Joseph F., Kelsey, Robert J., Forcinio, Hallie. <u>Handbook
of Package Engineering, Third Edition</u>. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1998.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Lief, Alfred. <u>A Close-Up of Closures: History and Progress</u>.
New York: Glass Container Manufacturers Institute, 1965.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Osborn, Albert S. <u>Questioned Documents,
Second Edition</u>. Albany: Boyd Printing, 1950.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Peterson, Arthur G. <u>400 Trademarks On
Glass</u>. DeBary, Florida: Arthur G.Peterson, 1968.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sonnedecker, Glenn; Cowen, David L.; Higby, Gregory J., eds. <u>Drugstore
Memories: American Pharmacists Recall Life Behind the Counter, 1824-1933</u>.
Madison, WI: American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, 2002. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Toulouse, Julian Harrison. <u>Bottle Makers and Their Marks</u>.
Caldwell, New Jersey: The Blackburn Press, 1971.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Winters, Kathleen C. <u>Amelia Earhart: The Turbulent Life of an
American Icon</u>. New York: Macmillan, 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For information on the Nikumaroro hypothesis
concerning the 1937 disappearance of Amelia Earhart, see:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gillespie, Richard. <u>Finding Amelia</u>.
Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2006.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">King, Thomas F., Jacobson, Randall S., Burns, Karen R., Spading,
Kenton. <u>Amelia Earhart’s Shoes</u>. Lanham, MD: Altamira Press, 2004
(updated edition).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">King, Thomas F., <u>Thirteen Bones</u>. Indianapolis: Dog Ear
Publishing, 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> We interpret the vertical line between “UCA” and
“PHARM” as an interpunct, a word separator.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Griffenhagen, George and Bogard, Mary. <u>History of
Drug Containers and Their Labels</u>. Madison, WI: American Institute of the
History of Pharmacy, 1999, pp. 35-36.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Winters, Kathleen C. <u>Amelia Earhart: The Turbulent
Life of an American Icon</u>. New York: Macmillan, 2010, pp. 151-152.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Papers of Amy Otis Earhart, Arthur and Elizabeth
Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Call No. MC 398, M-129, Reel #3.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We are indebted to
Sarah Hutcheon, Research Librarian at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced
Study, for her assistance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> For a list of various containers of suspected
pharmaceutical origin, see Dr. Thomas King’s blog at http://ameliaearhartarchaeology.blogspot.com/2016/06/2017-nikumaroro-draft-research-plan-i.html<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> See
http://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Tarawa_Archives/1939_Co-op_Store/1939store_3.pdf
for details on the Gardner colony’s relationship with On Chong & Company.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> See https://www.maxmind.com/en/free-world-cities-database<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> On November 23 and 24, 2015, The Chemical Heritage
Foundation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania generously opened up its collection of
Hayes Directories for research purposes. We are indebted to librarian Ashley
Augustyniak for her assistance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> The pharmacy database may be viewed at
https://www.dropbox.com/s/h34l05afr89gbbo/Pharmacy%20Database%20and%20Loran%2092%20Census.xls?dl=0<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> For pharmacies in business after 1997, we were unable
to access the relevant Hayes Directories. Instead, we used pharmacy directories
available online from insurers. For these pharmacies, we estimated the
commercial strength scores based on size of the market. For those years in the
20<sup>th</sup> century for which no Hayes Directory was available, we filled
in missing data by using information from Hayes Directories from years prior to
and later than the gap, when it was logical to do so.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> www.hayesdir.com/aboutus.html<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Yellow pages: San Fernando Valley Directory. 1937-38.
Long Beach, CA: A to Z Directory Publishers.<br />
See the Directory listing for Toluca Lake Pharmacy at </span><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/rm8b6z4gva89obf/Photo%20Oct%2031%2C%201%2028%2042%20PM.png?dl=0"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">https://www.dropbox.com/s/rm8b6z4gva89obf/Photo%20Oct%2031%2C%201%2028%2042%20PM.png?dl=0</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">. Note that this establishment is also listed
elsewhere in the directory as “Lakeside Pharmacy.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Earhart, Amelia. Letters to Amy Otis Earhart. 5 July
1935; 25 Feb 1936; 20 Mar 1936. MS. Papers of Amy Otis Earhart, Arthur and
Elizabeth Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> The chief pharmacist, owner and founder of Toluca
Lake Pharmacy was Robert G. Eyth. Eyth is an Anglo-Saxon word that is loosely
translated as “friendly.” The 1937-38 San Fernando Valley telephone directory
lists no doctor by the name of “Friend.” </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">In </span><u style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Letters from
Amelia</u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">, a compilation of letters written by Earhart, editor Jean Backus
chose to redact the name of Dr. Friend, instead referencing him or her as “the
doctor.” She presumably did this to mask the doctor’s identity (for reasons
unknown).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Yellow pages: San Fernando Valley Directory. 1937-38.
Long Beach, CA: A to Z Directory Publishers. Distances computed by
mapquest.com.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> The Bottle Research Group consists of: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Bill Lockhart,
Professor, New Mexico State University<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dr. Peter Schulz,
Senior Archaeologist (retired), California State Parks, Sacramento, California <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Carol Serr,
Archaeologist, Laguna Mountain Environmental, Inc., San Diego, CA<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Bernard Schriever,
Archaeologist, Laguna Mountain Environmental Inc., San Diego, California<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">David Whitten,
collector and glassmaking historian, Clarksville, Indiana <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> www.ozbottleforum.com<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Toulouse, Julian Harrison. <u>Bottle Makers and Their
Marks</u>. Caldwell, New Jersey: The Blackburn Press, 1971, p. 403.</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Lockhart, Bill. “Re: Photo from Bottle Grave Site.”
Message to Joe Cerniglia and Thomas King. 19 Dec 2015. E-mail.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Lief, Alfred. <u>A Close-Up of Closures: History and
Progress</u>. New York: Glass Container Manufacturers Institute, 1965, p. 29.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ibid., p. 33.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">Giles, Geoff A. </span><u style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">Handbook of Beverage Packaging</u><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 1999, p. 238.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoa<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Hanlon, Joseph F., Kelsey, Robert J., Forcinio,
Hallie. <u>Handbook of Package Engineering, Third Edition</u>. Boca Raton: CRC
Press, 1998, p. 436.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Giles, p. 238</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> For a demonstration of the process of creating an R-O
cap, see the video at www.fowlerproducts.com/videos/roll-on/<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> To view the patent, see
https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/US1895884.pdf <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Bender, Nathan E. <u>Historic Bottle and Jar Closures</u>.
Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2016, p. 90.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, <i>Technical Options for Conservation of
Metals: Case Studies of Selected Metals and Products</i>, OTA-ITC M97
(Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1979), p. 118.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Bender, pp. 84-86.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i>Modern
Packaging Encyclopedia, 1951 edition</i>., Packaging Catalog Corporation, 1951,
p. 456.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> For a database of medicine containers, see
https://www.dropbox.com/s/yi66g54yi1g5wdu/medicine%20container%20survey.xls?dl=0<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Lockhart, Bill. “Re: The Boston Pill Bottle.” Message
to Joe Cerniglia and Thomas King. 27 Jan 2016. E-mail.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> See https://sha.org/bottle/bases.htm<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Lockhart, Bill. “Re: The Boston Pill Bottle.” Message
to Joe Cerniglia and Thomas King. 7 Dec 2015. E-mail.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> For Emily Will’s full forensic report, see
https://www.dropbox.com/sh/zqp92wn8wb17xms/AABC2IouXb_YFz4sD6_wHGDva?dl=0. For
a biographical timeline (source: Ancestry.com) of persons whose names appear on
the label, see
https://www.dropbox.com/s/d7fhc702fksm3ge/Photo%20Jul%2005%2C%2011%2005%2046%20AM.png?dl=0.
The timeline demonstrates the label is internally consistent with the
prescription date of 1934.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> http://www.google.com/patents/USD94824 and also
https://www.sha.org/bottle/pdffiles/USD94824.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> https://sha.org/bottle/pdffiles/O-IPlantList.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> The archaeological site from which examples of
bottles with stippling and knurling were obtained was the back lot of a former
beer distributor in El Paso, Texas. Lockhart, Bill. “Re: The Boston Pill
Bottle.” Message to Joe Cerniglia and Thomas King. 7 Feb 2016. E-mail.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Thomas F. King,
http://ameliaearhartarchaeology.blogspot.com/2016/06/2017-nikumaroro-draft-research-plan-i.html<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Using Ancestry.com, we compiled a census of all 71
men who inhabited Loran Unit 92 on Nikumaroro, to try to discover each man’s
residence just prior to World War II. See the census at the second tab of the
Excel document at
https://www.dropbox.com/s/h34l05afr89gbbo/Pharmacy%20Database%20and%20Loran%2092%20Census.xls?dl=0.
The personnel roster was sourced from www.loran-history.info/roster.aspx.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> For a circa 1959 tour of shops
along Toluca Lake's main road, Riverside Drive, which includes a Toluca
Pharmacy at 0:55, see http://youtu.be/3Rk1r6M0G8I</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com14tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-64364426727743506492016-08-08T13:12:00.000-07:002016-08-08T13:42:31.888-07:00The Lady and the Lake: Joe Cerniglia's Analysis of a Vial from the Colonial Village Site at Ritiati, Nikumaroro<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 22pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Lady and the Lake</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">by
Joe Cerniglia</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Editor's Preface: Another artifact analysis by one of TIGHAR's most redoubtable researchers. </span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Please note the continuing need for data on pharmaceutical bottles from Australia and New Zealand. Finding a clear Antipodal match for the vial that Joe describes would be the simplest and surest way to disqualify it as an Ameliafact. TFK</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">During the 2015 “In Search of Amelia Earhart”
trip to Nikumaroro, organized by Betchart Expeditions, Kimberly Zimmerman
spotted an amber medicine vial, resting on the ground among other glass vessels
near the colonial village’s fallen co-operative store. The vial measures
roughly 10 by 2 centimeters and has a flute-edged cap apparently made of
aluminum. The cap has been punctured in the center as though with a sharp
object. Both the cap and the base of the vial have machine-made markings. Since
glass vessels in the village are assumed to be associated with the Nikumaroro
colony, active from 1939 to 1963, we decided not to bring the vial back with
us, but we took photographs. Since then, we have become interested in some of
the vial’s attributes. We plan to retrieve this artifact when we return to the
island in 2017. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXU5f6g0s5DjfnyKylZVctqc4gCW6cm3jRokd_40Cuvw2y7DO6cJnyj-uFWyTt0UldGsD21cu9QDGH8ARRdlWK9u39nS4ZCwEemyVhNz0JVCx5wju1oDarAjdN1psWxho98I9grOi5Obk/s1600/Fig+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXU5f6g0s5DjfnyKylZVctqc4gCW6cm3jRokd_40Cuvw2y7DO6cJnyj-uFWyTt0UldGsD21cu9QDGH8ARRdlWK9u39nS4ZCwEemyVhNz0JVCx5wju1oDarAjdN1psWxho98I9grOi5Obk/s320/Fig+1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 1: the amber vial</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">While the vial awaits recovery, the
photographs we took provided some data to consider. We began by looking at the circular
inscription on the top of the vial’s cap.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Inscription on the Cap<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We were struck by this inscription, which, on
account of time and wear, is mostly illegible, save for a few consecutive letters:
UCA | PHARM<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzRvBMp2p8Jgi6Hj_14UkFKqxtuZK-pxZQdUUrvKpH-jzjS2sY93GaIX5S5kkEW4wsjXo-0LbBmHarWb1rVI5Ua0qkWO7FMN1enIauPkO4LfvysYig0UvsvQQxq_clDaiLQX9mTi1d8T8/s1600/Fig+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzRvBMp2p8Jgi6Hj_14UkFKqxtuZK-pxZQdUUrvKpH-jzjS2sY93GaIX5S5kkEW4wsjXo-0LbBmHarWb1rVI5Ua0qkWO7FMN1enIauPkO4LfvysYig0UvsvQQxq_clDaiLQX9mTi1d8T8/s320/Fig+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 2: The top of the cap</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Since available literature supports the idea
that amber vials were most commonly used for medicines,<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> it
would seem safe to presume that the second word on the top of the cap is
“Pharmacy.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The word before “Pharmacy” is more
problematic, since only 3 terminal letters, UCA, remain. Presumably, it
represents the name of the pharmacy in which the vial was filled and capped. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">While pondering this inscription, we noticed
the intriguing coincidence between those three letters “UCA” and the fact that
Earhart resided in Tol<u>uca</u> Lake from early November 1934<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
until taking off from Oakland, California for what became her last flight on
May 20, 1937. Her first home in Toluca Lake was a rented cottage on 10515
Valley Spring Lane. She and George Putnam moved into their last residence in
the neighborhood on 10042 Valley Spring Lane on September 21, 1935.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Additionally, we recalled the many other glass
vessels found in various locales on the island that might have come from an
American pharmacy<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
many of which are not easily placed in the context of a remote Pacific island
inhabited by Tuvaluan and Gilbertese colonists (but which might be placed in
the context of the U.S. Coast Guard Loran Station that operated on the southern
tip of the island from 1944 to 1946). We have spent considerable time studying
these other apparently pharmacy-based vessels. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There was no telling yet if the vial had come
from an American pharmacy, and perhaps the Toluca Lake association was coincidental,
but it would have been hasty to conclude this before setting out to discover
what “UCA PHARM” may have meant, and how old the vial may have been.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Exploring Village Suppliers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The vial was found, again, on the site of the
abandoned village colony. We know that the colony was supplied at various times
by an Australian firm, On Chong & Company of Sydney.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The
idea that the vial was supplied by an Australian pharmacy with the letters UCA at
the end of a word in its business name was therefore a lead we definitely wished
to pursue.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Unfortunately, we were unable to locate any
historical directories of pharmacies in Australia. An exhaustive check of
Australian sources of the vial was therefore not possible. However, we were
able to locate a database of all present-day cities and towns on Earth, which included
the names of locales whose names end in UCA, in Australia and elsewhere, thus
suggesting pharmacies adopting those names.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This world database showed there is only one town
in Australia whose last three letters end in UCA: Echuca. An online search of
present-day pharmacies in Echuca showed that there is an Echuca Amcal Pharmacy
in business there. We received no reply from a letter we wrote to Echuca Amcal
Pharmacy inquiring whether it had ever seen the amber vial, so our inquiries
into possible Australian connections to the vial appear to have reached an
impasse. We lack the data at present to investigate more thoroughly.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The relative proximity of Nikumaroro to New
Zealand and the fact that the island colony was a British possession would
argue for New Zealand and the United Kingdom as the next likely sources of
origin for a vial found in the village. Again, however, we were unable to
locate any historical directories of pharmacies in these locales. We did find,
perhaps tellingly, that the world database showed there are no cities or towns
in either of these countries whose names, or words within their names, end in
the letters UCA.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Exploring American Leads<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">On the other hand, at least in the U.S., there
was much more data at hand to collect and to analyze. A complete yearbook of U.S.
drug stores in operation has been available since 1912 through an annual
publication known as the Hayes Druggist Directory. From a detailed study of
available Hayes Directories<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and online pharmacy directories from 1922 to 2015, we created a database
spreadsheet of all pharmacies in the U.S. whose business name, city, or street
address has the letters UCA at the end of a word.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Each pharmacy that satisfied these criteria was placed at the head of its own
column on this spreadsheet. The rows of the spreadsheet represent the calendar
years 1922 to 2015, inclusive. If the pharmacy was in business for the year
represented by a row, then a numeral was placed in the cell in which that
calendar year (row) and that pharmacy (column) intersect. The numeral in
relevant cells of the spreadsheet represents a “commercial strength” score of
between 1 and 90, which is a rough comparator of the worth of inventory-on-hand
of each pharmacy in each year it was in business, as computed by Hayes.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn10" title="">[10]</a></span></span><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn10" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSvEbl39PXjCX9XqZ6vgQNqjPtYOO_9fcq6fqfzJZ2Xudkeag8_o9_zjcguI3jbOaTcl_cuq5_l5ZL2-zwNEWu3f_hxqBKK8iRtJSnCj9dI0wAGhjUoewBgefOaCaSFM8ZmchERj_OBS8/s1600/Fig+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSvEbl39PXjCX9XqZ6vgQNqjPtYOO_9fcq6fqfzJZ2Xudkeag8_o9_zjcguI3jbOaTcl_cuq5_l5ZL2-zwNEWu3f_hxqBKK8iRtJSnCj9dI0wAGhjUoewBgefOaCaSFM8ZmchERj_OBS8/s320/Fig+3.jpg" width="239" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 3: Hayes Directories on a table at the Chemical Heritage Foundation, Philadelphia Pennsylvania</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj750qQlQhIktrs1y-8xPJ_sqno25sQqy95ym-EE0K9QmNXI9AOfJl8g1Ai88YdJXIY7VJXh8CMdDnK7XdDOS8LSEEQtTeGNIDxtWhVN5OeHxfRal998OW5mc2rUxPlb67cq_e_msyfalQ/s1600/Fig+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj750qQlQhIktrs1y-8xPJ_sqno25sQqy95ym-EE0K9QmNXI9AOfJl8g1Ai88YdJXIY7VJXh8CMdDnK7XdDOS8LSEEQtTeGNIDxtWhVN5OeHxfRal998OW5mc2rUxPlb67cq_e_msyfalQ/s320/Fig+4.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 4: Hayes Directory key for commercial strength</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">By summing the commercial strength scores for
each pharmacy in each column, a final score was computed for each pharmacy’s
commercial strength for all the years it was in business from 1922 to 2015. By
dividing each pharmacy’s final commercial strength score by the sum total of
all the pharmacies’ scores, the relative proportional contribution of each
pharmacy to the total commercial strength of the “UCA pharmacy market” was
obtained as a percentage.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">From this survey of directories we
discovered:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Overall, U.S. pharmacies with UCA at the end
of the business name, street address or city are rare. Only 26 were located in
a 94-year period. There were six that were in business last year. Given that
there were 60,276 pharmacies operating in the United States last year,<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
this means that roughly .01% (1 in 10,000) of the total U.S. pharmacies last
year satisfied the criteria for inclusion in this analysis. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">41% of the UCA pharmacies’ total commercial
strength scores come from a single pharmacy in Amelia Earhart’s neighborhood, the
Toluca Lake district of North Hollywood, California. This pharmacy was for most
of its long history (1936-1991) known officially as the “Lakeside Pharmacy in
Toluca Lake, North Hollywood,” but there was a brief period (1937-38) when it
was listed in the San Fernando Valley City Directory simply as “Toluca Lake
Pharmacy.”<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn12" title="">[12]</a></span></span><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn12" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">62% of the UCA pharmacies’ total commercial
strength scores come from nine pharmacies, all with the word ‘Toluca’ in their
name, within 3.1 miles of the Toluca Lake district, in North Hollywood, Studio
City, and Burbank, California. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">When the sample size is adjusted, such that
only pharmacies with names ending in UCA are included in the database,
discarding pharmacies occupying streets or cities whose names end in UCA, 88%
of the remaining UCA pharmacies’ total commercial strength scores come from
nine pharmacies within 3.1 miles of the Toluca Lake district of North
Hollywood, Studio City, and Burbank, California.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We do not know whether Amelia Earhart was a
customer of the Toluca Lake Pharmacy, much less whether she bought anything in
vials there, but in three letters Earhart wrote to her mother before the world
flight, she mentions a “vegetable concentrate” pharmacy elixir, telling of the
benefits her husband, George Putnam, derived from taking it, and urging her
mother, sister, niece and nephew to try some.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
In one of the letters she states that a “Dr. Friend,”<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
would be willing to “make up a concentrate suitable for individual needs.”
Vegetable and fruit concentrates often sold in vials, and still do today, as in
the photo below.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgikB7VdEwW-q-nxaz_157fJbbbI7UUNJJZS25Kj1Nxfh6jji2NUr35djMFq__2sOmrOsU0kXSVSHsW_k2qsh2sSoTJK4LNDzNOLU_6xnC3x2U7VqCWqEVsYin_54KjYh5z1TLOfjNAPGo/s1600/Fig+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgikB7VdEwW-q-nxaz_157fJbbbI7UUNJJZS25Kj1Nxfh6jji2NUr35djMFq__2sOmrOsU0kXSVSHsW_k2qsh2sSoTJK4LNDzNOLU_6xnC3x2U7VqCWqEVsYin_54KjYh5z1TLOfjNAPGo/s320/Fig+5.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 5: Modern fruit concentrate vials</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Both of Earhart’s residences in Toluca Lake
were between .7 and .8 miles of Toluca Lake Pharmacy. There was no pharmacy
nearer by. The next nearest pharmacy to Earhart’s neighborhood in 1937 was W.D.
Roberts Drugs, which was 1.4 miles distant.</span><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[15]</span></span></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">None of the research thus far, however, had
attempted to answer the question of whether the vial was even old enough to
have been brought to the island by Amelia Earhart, or whether it could be ruled
out from having been brought by Earhart on account of its presumed age. To
begin to answer this question, we turned our attention to the markings on the
vial’s base.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Marks of Distinction?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Base markings can often identify a bottle’s
manufacturer, the year in which a bottle was made, or a range of years in which
a bottle could have been made.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">On the base of the vial, there is a numeral 2
to the left of an unidentified central mark, and a numeral 0 to the right of
it, along with a letter code, NT, centered below the mark.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqLrYIy3IxjZqmv1E5g-daUu_UvDXtH5hP8MksTT-nbGweTLqL6Q9rDhaipqhUnkciKgiW2BnZDMBXB1zMFvL0Bh16k-ZkIxc-gV6xy2W3v3lbqNHj4RmDr1d7tdwF-Quoau-rRx4JZDU/s1600/Fig+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqLrYIy3IxjZqmv1E5g-daUu_UvDXtH5hP8MksTT-nbGweTLqL6Q9rDhaipqhUnkciKgiW2BnZDMBXB1zMFvL0Bh16k-ZkIxc-gV6xy2W3v3lbqNHj4RmDr1d7tdwF-Quoau-rRx4JZDU/s320/Fig+6.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 6: The base of the vial</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The Society for Historical Archaeology’s Bottle
Research Group</span><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[16]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">
(a group that helps archaeologists and others identify bottles) and members of
the Australian Antique Bottle Forum</span><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[17]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> examined
these marks. Neither group was able to match the marks to any glass trademark they
had seen or could reference.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The markings, however, share features with
what the Owens-Illinois Glass Company used on its bottle bases from 1929 to
1954, as shown in the following photos:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiqwgx1JLaRWo2d8PkOD-AEkqfuuqynTuNIlZx4TrfBiZzXr7GntG02SZesKubHvxpgMgddePiKKw2l7WGwYBrnyeQyRgwXI8gKJ-6FjF7riqMqLV327xszGX5o7kB6qw9y_uOp9J2pZ4/s1600/Fig+7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiqwgx1JLaRWo2d8PkOD-AEkqfuuqynTuNIlZx4TrfBiZzXr7GntG02SZesKubHvxpgMgddePiKKw2l7WGwYBrnyeQyRgwXI8gKJ-6FjF7riqMqLV327xszGX5o7kB6qw9y_uOp9J2pZ4/s320/Fig+7.jpg" width="239" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 7: Toulouse (1971) illustration of OI mark with key explaining the meaning of the numeral<span style="font-size: x-small;">s</span><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: start;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[18]</span></span></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzGUK4Xi1GdJPtFhywmOhIcXH496JMMT4dAR-KVxPW4XpiVUhyphenhyphenmHDKK8cP03Hgsmas94JkykFXuU01HYJjhZa4lHRjfNU6Z8r-FzafEG8JnRnYib84UndLoIC_cx8dzLnRDi05cK-2yPc/s1600/Fig+8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzGUK4Xi1GdJPtFhywmOhIcXH496JMMT4dAR-KVxPW4XpiVUhyphenhyphenmHDKK8cP03Hgsmas94JkykFXuU01HYJjhZa4lHRjfNU6Z8r-FzafEG8JnRnYib84UndLoIC_cx8dzLnRDi05cK-2yPc/s320/Fig+8.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 8: Compared vials</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The green vial base on the left side of the above
photo has the first Owens-Illinois trademark, "I" within a diamond over an oval,
used from 1929 to 1954. The base of the amber vial found on Nikumaroro, on the
right side of the above photo, has a letter "I" nested between brackets. Both
vials have the same triadic arrangement of codes to the left, right, and
beneath the mark. The Nikumaroro vial, however, lacks a central oval, shown in
red, which, if it were present, would have heightened its resemblance to the
Owens-Illinois base mark.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">One way to explain the discrepancy relates to
quality control problems. Glass factories used a lubricant called dope to
prevent bottles from sticking to their molds. If a plant failed to clean the
molds, whether from pressure to meet deadlines or simple oversight, the dope deteriorated
and built up on the surface, so that letters or numbers on the finished bottle
could be obscured or become very faint.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> If
degraded dope did build up on the mold that made the vial, it could have
obscured the trademark of the Owens-Illinois Glass Company (or another
company).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">However, it goes without saying that facts,
not hypotheses, are needed to identify a bottle mark conclusively. The only
marks that can offer facts are those that are <u>present</u>, not those that
may or may not be absent. Thus, although we hoped to learn the vial’s maker or
its manufacture date, the markings on the base of the vial were simply too
obscure to yield this information with certainty.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Cap of the Vial: Datable Features?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We then turned our attention to the cap on
the vial (excluding the inscription, which has already been discussed) in the hope
that it would provide answers to our questions about when and where the vial
was made. Three noteworthy features suggest the cap is of the roll-on variety,
distinct from the far more common pre-threaded caps:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The cap is conformed tightly to the vial such that it could not
easily be removed. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Roll-on
caps were, and are, “pressed in the capping machine by rotating rollers and
shaped to conform with the individual bottle’s threads.”<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
While one cannot discount the possibility the cap is misshapen from repeated
use, or originated from a container other than the vial itself, poor fit was a
common complaint of caps in general in the early 1930s.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
R-O caps specifically were known to stick because defects in the threads of the
finish could cause the cap to be “drawn into the defect, locking the cap on and
making it very difficult for the consumer to remove.”<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The cap is made of heavy gauge metal, probably aluminum, and is
not rusted. It has no outwardly rolled distal wire edge, as would be common on
ordinary pre-threaded screw caps.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The
Aluminum Seal Company (Alseco), a subsidiary<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
of the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) of New Kensington, Pennsylvania, first
introduced roll-on caps, also known as R-O, in 1924. R-O caps were “initially used”
in the early years after 1924 “for prescription drugs and later in some
vapor-vacuum sealed caps for foods.”<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> While
not all aluminum caps are R-O caps, it would appear that all R-O caps are
aluminum, due to aluminum’s excellent malleability.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
They can be found today on liquor bottles and some condiments, such as olive
oil.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The cap has a rectangular tab-like indentation a few millimeters
wide on the lower part of its skirt, in which the metal appears to have been
broken off from the cap.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The
rectangular indentation, visible in the lower right corner of the cap on the
amber vial in the photo below, could be a remnant of a tamper-proof seal patented
in 1933 by Alcoa specifically for R-O closures.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The seal was pressed around the base of the cap during the production process
of crimping the cap with rollers. One removed the seal by pulling up on a tab. Once
removed, a portion of the depending metal skirt could be deformed or torn away.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG7nkoatQSh89xVMufQlN1H5SnhF8uCQxkjNzJmJvFAzwqWtqK5UFjAm39f1s2Mu1Q3M0PxgLrMQp4IzwNd2RowONTu2fAMDWabJMRVdqV9Y77M30tGj3QXeXetkug-x67ShZKgzGkTRQ/s1600/Fig+9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG7nkoatQSh89xVMufQlN1H5SnhF8uCQxkjNzJmJvFAzwqWtqK5UFjAm39f1s2Mu1Q3M0PxgLrMQp4IzwNd2RowONTu2fAMDWabJMRVdqV9Y77M30tGj3QXeXetkug-x67ShZKgzGkTRQ/s320/Fig+9.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 9: Amber vial and 1936 Seagram's advertisement for pilfer-proof R-O cap</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUk4uL9MoEvFun-LwUJwdRFZf4sPmqTB8Mq7LmSffDwVbYi4XsDdU0rSO78e3rRBGxlSf0JN8sgsMm31K1ijFtbmec1VL-XCK1VE5bw3ONMf82NB-OEPEhgbmn3ozPjU1UWCo3ytqsUho/s1600/Fig+10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUk4uL9MoEvFun-LwUJwdRFZf4sPmqTB8Mq7LmSffDwVbYi4XsDdU0rSO78e3rRBGxlSf0JN8sgsMm31K1ijFtbmec1VL-XCK1VE5bw3ONMf82NB-OEPEhgbmn3ozPjU1UWCo3ytqsUho/s320/Fig+10.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 10: Amber vial and close-up of Seagram's advertisement</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In summary, then, we have:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The poorly fitting aluminum cap, probably R-O,
introduced in 1924 by Alseco, and <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The rectangular tab of missing cap material, possibly
representing a pilfer-proof seal patented in 1933 by Alcoa, parent of Alseco.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If we are interpreting these features correctly,
they could indicate the cap was made between 1924 and the mid-1930s.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The cap could also have been made at a later
time, however, since the use of R-O seals on drug containers continued long
past the 1930s. Although aluminum closures “seem to have been banned
altogether” during World War II,<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and despite aluminum shortages during the Korean War (1950-53),<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
R-O caps on drug bottles were marketed in the 1950s and 1960s, and “might yet
be in use in Central America.”<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> These
later R-O caps are described in trade literature as having a “locking band
attached to the cap by small metal bridges… (The locking band) remains on the
bottle after the cap is removed.”<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> One
can easily locate this type of R-O cap today on condiments sold in supermarkets.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">While the Nikumaroro vial does not have a
persisting locking band, such a band could have been removed from the cap
during its history.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In general, however, R-O aluminum closures on
medicine containers appear to have been very rare. We surveyed hundreds of
medicine vials and pill bottles at auction on eBay and Etsy.com. With one
exception, all the caps on these containers, dated from 1932 to 2003, appeared
to be pre-threaded, not roll-on. A very small number appeared to be aluminum,
but the vast majority appeared to be tinplate or Bakelite. We obtained a sample
of these containers at auction. All the caps on the bottles from this sample
were easily removed.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The only medicine bottle we found, in
addition to the vial itself, that appears to have an aluminum R-O cap was a bottle
of topical cocaine ointment, pictured below. The bottle has the locking band as
described in postwar trade journals, and a paper label dated February 2003. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIx6IxCgr58awcM09ty3XuOZBUzcRBWUPJKbDLH5hZ6wjOlsmcneUmQ5JjrpmzPCHVKs_u6cghCsiV7LcB31iCg4JjgbYkp0gP7o6zLRymg85B5BoJ_-yCBT3Owf3sWYBfitcbnDx4T8U/s1600/Fig+11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIx6IxCgr58awcM09ty3XuOZBUzcRBWUPJKbDLH5hZ6wjOlsmcneUmQ5JjrpmzPCHVKs_u6cghCsiV7LcB31iCg4JjgbYkp0gP7o6zLRymg85B5BoJ_-yCBT3Owf3sWYBfitcbnDx4T8U/s320/Fig+11.jpg" width="196" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 11: Cocaine hydrochloride bottle with R-O cap</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">We have been seeking but lack data concerning
when R-O closures were used on drug containers in countries other than the
United States. It could be that the absence of data indicates this type of cap was
seldom or never used on drug containers elsewhere in the world, but we cannot
say for sure.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A Knurly Problem<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Experts from the Bottle Research Group have
identified one feature of the vial, however, that causes them to say it is definitely
<u>not</u> from the 1930s and thus could not possibly be Earhart’s. They say
the little tooth-like marks on the perimeter of the base are datable to the
1950s or later.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPPSZh7uCqr8AyD-b8h5H2emzQRAVfFjzuWWcidEjcH9hIhYOXwJ7tCcLw5IZAiR7kCv50srmXzdi0xmlNhFL86APNLEkIxRPxjswmR1l3eq6pRAV4__ekP4XPaf9KzHQGEPjHEG2JxI4/s1600/Fig+12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPPSZh7uCqr8AyD-b8h5H2emzQRAVfFjzuWWcidEjcH9hIhYOXwJ7tCcLw5IZAiR7kCv50srmXzdi0xmlNhFL86APNLEkIxRPxjswmR1l3eq6pRAV4__ekP4XPaf9KzHQGEPjHEG2JxI4/s320/Fig+12.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 12: Perimeter knurling on base of the vial</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The tooth-like marks are an example of what
is known as resting point knurling, defined as marks impressed by machine to
the bottle mold, which in turn create marks on the perimeter (the resting
point) of a slightly concave bottle base. According to Russ Hoenig, a former Owens-Illinois
shop foreman, these marks offered protection to the glass against cracking. These
and other like marks “became a necessity as bottles were light-weighted with
thinner glass. The cold checks (cracks) present on all bottles formed prior to
annealing now penetrated proportionately deeper through the glass wall
thickness on lightweight flow-manufactured bottles, which caused breakage.”</span><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[33]</span></span></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The earliest documented date assigned to
resting point knurling of the type exhibited on the Nikumaroro medicine vial is
1958. Coincidentally, that date is based on another Nikumaroro glass vessel, a green
beverage container upturned as a grave marker on the western shore of the
island, a few hundred meters north of the landing channel (<i>editor's note: the Ritiati Bottle Grave, recorded in 1997 and again in 2015, now heavily eroded)</i>. That bottle has a
date code of “58” to the right of the second Owens-Illinois trademark, which
first appeared on bottles in 1954.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4kWCzwfWV8WnJ6DzCHJh33iFgZLzvQQU2C7pCl_YCq72Y8UFGm4WhUP-16StJUwp4yPUWF0NK1n-RaIlpUsJN3mrvaeYXr9Rb7FzVF7R2kIZngjZk2988M2mdjxpSZP0czKn4awhRVGI/s1600/Fig+13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4kWCzwfWV8WnJ6DzCHJh33iFgZLzvQQU2C7pCl_YCq72Y8UFGm4WhUP-16StJUwp4yPUWF0NK1n-RaIlpUsJN3mrvaeYXr9Rb7FzVF7R2kIZngjZk2988M2mdjxpSZP0czKn4awhRVGI/s320/Fig+13.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 13: Green beverage bottle in grave on western shore of Nikumaroro</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Base markings used to prevent cracking could,
as in the case of the amber vial, surround the perimeter of a bottle base, but
much more often they covered the entire base. Where such marks were impressed on
the mold’s base plate by machine, they are called full base knurling. Where such
marks were impressed on the mold’s base plate by hand, they are called full
base stippling. According to the Bottle Research Group, full base knurling by
machine first appeared in 1945, and full base stippling by hand first appeared
in general use in 1940.</span><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[34]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[35]</span></span></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">However, the timeline constructed by the
Bottle Research Group may not be perfect. There is evidence that full base
stippling by hand appeared on select drug containers as early as 1932. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Antidotes<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We have located two identically designed “Abbott
Lab” pill bottles in amber with full base hand stippling, identical base
markings (including the same plant number and year code), and identical prescription
wraparound labels. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTYQdk6c8DyHNMCn5LeOkqulBh5p6raT9okc5bG92JctcbBEAgFscQ7JE0pGzL8vzDGWL1q4zszEx_Aitjb4cJ_Jtb6xRZfx8WaoiWlOaTXZc83M5I7ZUWAaLRQOB95dnMLj3ObATrsrQ/s1600/Fig+14.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTYQdk6c8DyHNMCn5LeOkqulBh5p6raT9okc5bG92JctcbBEAgFscQ7JE0pGzL8vzDGWL1q4zszEx_Aitjb4cJ_Jtb6xRZfx8WaoiWlOaTXZc83M5I7ZUWAaLRQOB95dnMLj3ObATrsrQ/s320/Fig+14.PNG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 14: Twin pill bottles</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRX-rLp-Qj2QTBTIS0W5A2q_aOhA2EwL4oL_X8aPGqGucyr8PFpMxfFXKN2KrQ2vbLckXOFCwYmeKFoFowLQvdJqh9k_ggOX2y_ML_fq7AykMWQqtnM_Ll_lR7s4FOFjI6ySDzRh_BAAo/s1600/Fig+15.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRX-rLp-Qj2QTBTIS0W5A2q_aOhA2EwL4oL_X8aPGqGucyr8PFpMxfFXKN2KrQ2vbLckXOFCwYmeKFoFowLQvdJqh9k_ggOX2y_ML_fq7AykMWQqtnM_Ll_lR7s4FOFjI6ySDzRh_BAAo/s320/Fig+15.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 15: The base of one of the Abbott Lab pill bottles</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The label on one of the bottles has been
sunned to the point that most of the printing is no longer legible. The label
on the other is legible, but the typewritten year of its prescription date is
slightly faded. To help determine exactly what the year on the label of this
bottle is, we consulted a board-certified document examiner. Emily Will, D-BFDE
(http://qdewill.com), stated her professional opinion, based on rigorously
certified techniques, that the year of the label’s prescription date is 1934.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">On the base of the bottle with the dated
label, the embossed year-of-manufacture code, situated to the right of the
first Owens-Illinois trademark (used from 1929 to 1954), is a 2. This
represents a year ending in the numeral 2. We presume that the bottle was
manufactured in the year of the prescription date on the label, or in a prior
year, such that the bottle’s year of manufacture must be earlier than or equal
to 1934. The only calendar year between 1929 and 1954 that ends in 2 and is
earlier than or equal to 1934 is 1932. Therefore, it is reasonable to presume
this bottle with full base stippling and a dated paper label was manufactured
in 1932. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We have located another amber medicine
bottle, also with full base stippling. This bottle’s design is patented, as
indicated by a patent number, 94824, stamped on the base. The U.S. Patent
Office approved the patent in 1935.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The plant number, situated on the base to the left of the first Owens-Illinois
mark (1929-1954), is Owens-Illinois plant number 4, Clarksburg, West Virginia,
which went idle in 1944.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The
year-of-manufacture code, situated on the base to the right of the mark, is a 9,
which signifies a year ending in the numeral 9. Based on the Clarksburg plant’s
years of operation, the bottle cannot be dated to 1949. Based on the patent
date, it cannot be dated to 1929. Therefore, the bottle is dated with certainty
to 1939, a year prior to the earliest previously documented example of full
base stippling.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhgk0xkDyHXn_alxZFvjFfLYuTq_ph9PZi73t83m0FacyU5O8uOx3dkLIE1L2ASOk9WwO3KCigmZbT7fTfV22E2azZK_y5WblhKOnDkeKQ-cQ-gWYTVQamWoswedhxw5E5AjB5B326VXk/s1600/Fig+16.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhgk0xkDyHXn_alxZFvjFfLYuTq_ph9PZi73t83m0FacyU5O8uOx3dkLIE1L2ASOk9WwO3KCigmZbT7fTfV22E2azZK_y5WblhKOnDkeKQ-cQ-gWYTVQamWoswedhxw5E5AjB5B326VXk/s320/Fig+16.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig. 16: Base of 1939 amber medicine bottle</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">While we have yet seen no glass container
earlier than 1958 with the same resting point knurling as found on the
Nikumaroro vial, the pill bottle and the patented amber bottle demonstrate that
no dating system is perfect. Careful research may occasionally uncover exceptions
to any archaeological dating rule. The Bottle Research Group looked closely at
beer and soda bottles for relevant examples when it constructed its timeline,
but it appears that it did not inspect medicine containers.</span><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[39]</span></span></span></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">An Amelia-fact?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Since full base stippling was first used on
some medicine containers a few years before beer and soda, it may be that
perimeter knurling followed a like pattern, first appearing on select medicines
in the 1930s and then later on beverages in the 1940s once it was needed for
the lighter weight bottles. We do not know whether these speculations are true,
but they are logical. If they <u>are</u> true, and if the vial really is from
the U.S., then Amelia Earhart just may have brought the vial from Toluca Lake
Pharmacy to the island. At least the possibility should not be ruled out. But
we have other caveats, such as:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">If the vial was Earhart’s, it likely took a
circuitous route to the village, which is “not where we are likely to find
Earhart-related objects in their original contexts.”<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Instead, it was likely brought there from somewhere else.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">We do not know the full list of pharmacies in
the world whose name, street, or city end in UCA, but, as has been stated, we
do know that the colony was supplied by an Australian firm, which could easily
be a source of pharmaceutical vials.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">We know that at least five Coast Guardsmen at
the Loran Station on Nikumaroro between 1944 and 1946 lived before the war in
U.S. cities or towns that were within driving distance (1 to 100 miles) of several
towns with pharmacies in the database of UCA pharmacies.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Conclusions and Questions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Some of the Nikumaroro artifacts fascinate because
they may be of a certain time, the 1930s, or of a certain person, a castaway. The
amber vial fascinates because, although it is not proven to be, it just might be
of a certain place, a little village in California that once counted Amelia
Earhart among its own – along with a friendly drug store, named Toluca.<a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Since the island, however, had its own
village, and a history of colonists, Coast Guardsmen, explorers, researchers
and others, who doubtless used medicines, there exist other equally or more equally
plausible ideas as to the amber vial’s provenance. We have ideas, but few
definitive answers. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nevertheless, there are some questions that
might be answerable, definitively we hope, through further research, to which
anyone is welcome to contribute:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Have you seen the markings found on the bottom of the vial on
other glass vessels? Can you say what they mean?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Can you locate any of the following at auction, antique shops or archaeological
sites?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">R-O closures on medicine containers<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Medicine containers with resting point
knurling<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Base-stippled medicine containers whose
manufacture date is from the 1930s<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Toluca Lake Pharmacy vials<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Do you know of other pharmacies outside the U.S., in Australia or
elsewhere, with names ending in “UCA”? Do you know of any we missed inside the
U.S.?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We also have some questions that might be
answerable by those intrepid researchers fortunate enough to be on the next cruise
to Nikumaroro in 2017:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">A. What types of medicine containers (vials, pill bottles, etc.) can
be found near the village dispensary and elsewhere in the village?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">B. Can the amber vial be located again, recorded for its context and
associations, and retrieved for further analysis? If so, what tests might bring
back the most relevant data?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Research will continue on these questions and,
very likely and in keeping with the nature of a mystery, many more that we have
not yet thought to ask.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Selected Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Backus, Jean L. <u>Letters From Amelia: An Intimate Portrait of
Amelia Earhart</u>. Boston: Beacon Press, 1982.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Bender, Nathan E. <u>Historic Bottle and Jar Closures</u>. Walnut
Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2016.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Giles, Geoff A. <u>Handbook of Beverage
Packaging</u>. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 1999.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Griffenhagen, George and Bogard, Mary. <u>History of Drug
Containers and Their Labels</u>. Madison, WI: American Institute of the History
of Pharmacy, 1999.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hanlon, Joseph F., Kelsey, Robert J., Forcinio, Hallie. <u>Handbook
of Package Engineering, Third Edition</u>. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1998.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Lief, Alfred. <u>A Close-Up of Closures: History and Progress</u>.
New York: Glass Container Manufacturers Institute, 1965.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Osborn, Albert S. <u>Questioned Documents,
Second Edition</u>. Albany: Boyd Printing, 1950.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Peterson, Arthur G. <u>400 Trademarks On
Glass</u>. DeBary, Florida: Arthur G.Peterson, 1968.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sonnedecker, Glenn; Cowen, David L.; Higby, Gregory J., eds. <u>Drugstore
Memories: American Pharmacists Recall Life Behind the Counter, 1824-1933</u>.
Madison, WI: American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, 2002. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Toulouse, Julian Harrison. <u>Bottle Makers and Their Marks</u>.
Caldwell, New Jersey: The Blackburn Press, 1971.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Winters, Kathleen C. <u>Amelia Earhart: The Turbulent Life of an
American Icon</u>. New York: Macmillan, 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For information on the Nikumaroro hypothesis
concerning the 1937 disappearance of Amelia Earhart, see:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gillespie, Richard. <u>Finding Amelia</u>.
Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2006.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">King, Thomas F., Jacobson, Randall S., Burns, Karen R., Spading,
Kenton. <u>Amelia Earhart’s Shoes</u>. Lanham, MD: Altamira Press, 2004
(updated edition).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">King, Thomas F., <u>Thirteen Bones</u>. Indianapolis: Dog Ear
Publishing, 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br clear="all" />
</span><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> We interpret the vertical line between “UCA” and
“PHARM” as an interpunct, a word separator.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Griffenhagen, George and Bogard, Mary. <u>History of
Drug Containers and Their Labels</u>. Madison, WI: American Institute of the
History of Pharmacy, 1999, pp. 35-36.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Winters, Kathleen C. <u>Amelia Earhart: The Turbulent
Life of an American Icon</u>. New York: Macmillan, 2010, pp. 151-152.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Papers of Amy Otis Earhart, Arthur and Elizabeth
Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Call No. MC 398, M-129, Reel #3.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We are indebted to
Sarah Hutcheon, Research Librarian at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced
Study, for her assistance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> For a list of various containers of suspected
pharmaceutical origin, see Dr. Thomas King’s blog at http://ameliaearhartarchaeology.blogspot.com/2016/06/2017-nikumaroro-draft-research-plan-i.html<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> See
http://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Tarawa_Archives/1939_Co-op_Store/1939store_3.pdf
for details on the Gardner colony’s relationship with On Chong & Company.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> See https://www.maxmind.com/en/free-world-cities-database<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> On November 23 and 24, 2015, The Chemical Heritage
Foundation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania generously opened up its collection of
Hayes Directories for research purposes. We are indebted to librarian Ashley
Augustyniak for her assistance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> The pharmacy database may be viewed at
https://www.dropbox.com/s/h34l05afr89gbbo/Pharmacy%20Database%20and%20Loran%2092%20Census.xls?dl=0<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> For pharmacies in business after 1997, we were unable
to access the relevant Hayes Directories. Instead, we used pharmacy directories
available online from insurers. For these pharmacies, we estimated the
commercial strength scores based on size of the market. For those years in the
20<sup>th</sup> century for which no Hayes Directory was available, we filled
in missing data by using information from Hayes Directories from years prior to
and later than the gap, when it was logical to do so.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> www.hayesdir.com/aboutus.html<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Yellow pages: San Fernando Valley Directory. 1937-38.
Long Beach, CA: A to Z Directory Publishers.<br />
See the Directory listing for Toluca Lake Pharmacy at </span><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/rm8b6z4gva89obf/Photo%20Oct%2031%2C%201%2028%2042%20PM.png?dl=0"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">https://www.dropbox.com/s/rm8b6z4gva89obf/Photo%20Oct%2031%2C%201%2028%2042%20PM.png?dl=0</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">. Note that this establishment is also listed
elsewhere in the directory as “Lakeside Pharmacy.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Earhart, Amelia. Letters to Amy Otis Earhart. 5 July
1935; 25 Feb 1936; 20 Mar 1936. MS. Papers of Amy Otis Earhart, Arthur and
Elizabeth Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> The chief pharmacist, owner and founder of Toluca
Lake Pharmacy was Robert G. Eyth. Eyth is an Anglo-Saxon word that is loosely
translated as “friendly.” The 1937-38 San Fernando Valley telephone directory
lists no doctor by the name of “Friend.” </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">In </span><u style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Letters from
Amelia</u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">, a compilation of letters written by Earhart, editor Jean Backus
chose to redact the name of Dr. Friend, instead referencing him or her as “the
doctor.” She presumably did this to mask the doctor’s identity (for reasons
unknown).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Yellow pages: San Fernando Valley Directory. 1937-38.
Long Beach, CA: A to Z Directory Publishers. Distances computed by
mapquest.com.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> The Bottle Research Group consists of: <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Bill Lockhart,
Professor, New Mexico State University<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dr. Peter Schulz,
Senior Archaeologist (retired), California State Parks, Sacramento, California <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Carol Serr,
Archaeologist, Laguna Mountain Environmental, Inc., San Diego, CA<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Bernard Schriever,
Archaeologist, Laguna Mountain Environmental Inc., San Diego, California<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">David Whitten,
collector and glassmaking historian, Clarksville, Indiana <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> www.ozbottleforum.com<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Toulouse, Julian Harrison. <u>Bottle Makers and Their
Marks</u>. Caldwell, New Jersey: The Blackburn Press, 1971, p. 403.</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Lockhart, Bill. “Re: Photo from Bottle Grave Site.”
Message to Joe Cerniglia and Thomas King. 19 Dec 2015. E-mail.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Lief, Alfred. <u>A Close-Up of Closures: History and
Progress</u>. New York: Glass Container Manufacturers Institute, 1965, p. 29.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ibid., p. 33.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Giles, p. 238.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoa<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Hanlon, Joseph F., Kelsey, Robert J., Forcinio,
Hallie. <u>Handbook of Package Engineering, Third Edition</u>. Boca Raton: CRC
Press, 1998, p. 436.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Giles, Geoff A. <u>Handbook of Beverage Packaging</u>.
Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 1999, p. 238.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> For a demonstration of the process of creating an R-O
cap, see the video at www.fowlerproducts.com/videos/roll-on/<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> To view the patent, see
https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/US1895884.pdf <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Bender, Nathan E. <u>Historic Bottle and Jar Closures</u>.
Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2016, p. 90.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, <i>Technical Options for Conservation of
Metals: Case Studies of Selected Metals and Products</i>, OTA-ITC M97
(Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1979), p. 118.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Bender, pp. 84-86.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i>Modern
Packaging Encyclopedia, 1951 edition</i>., Packaging Catalog Corporation, 1951,
p. 456.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> For a database of medicine containers, see
https://www.dropbox.com/s/yi66g54yi1g5wdu/medicine%20container%20survey.xls?dl=0<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Lockhart, Bill. “Re: The Boston Pill Bottle.” Message
to Joe Cerniglia and Thomas King. 27 Jan 2016. E-mail.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> See https://sha.org/bottle/bases.htm<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Lockhart, Bill. “Re: The Boston Pill Bottle.” Message
to Joe Cerniglia and Thomas King. 7 Dec 2015. E-mail.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> For Emily Will’s full forensic report, see
https://www.dropbox.com/sh/zqp92wn8wb17xms/AABC2IouXb_YFz4sD6_wHGDva?dl=0. For
a biographical timeline (source: Ancestry.com) of persons whose names appear on
the label, see
https://www.dropbox.com/s/d7fhc702fksm3ge/Photo%20Jul%2005%2C%2011%2005%2046%20AM.png?dl=0.
The timeline demonstrates the label is internally consistent with the
prescription date of 1934.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> http://www.google.com/patents/USD94824 and also
https://www.sha.org/bottle/pdffiles/USD94824.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> https://sha.org/bottle/pdffiles/O-IPlantList.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> The archaeological site from which examples of
bottles with stippling and knurling were obtained was the back lot of a former
beer distributor in El Paso, Texas. Lockhart, Bill. “Re: The Boston Pill
Bottle.” Message to Joe Cerniglia and Thomas King. 7 Feb 2016. E-mail.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Thomas F. King,
http://ameliaearhartarchaeology.blogspot.com/2016/06/2017-nikumaroro-draft-research-plan-i.html<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Using Ancestry.com, we compiled a census of all 71
men who inhabited Loran Unit 92 on Nikumaroro, to try to discover each man’s
residence just prior to World War II. See the census at the second tab of the
Excel document at
https://www.dropbox.com/s/h34l05afr89gbbo/Pharmacy%20Database%20and%20Loran%2092%20Census.xls?dl=0.
The personnel roster was sourced from www.loran-history.info/roster.aspx.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42">
<div class="Body1">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="file:///D:/5-ONGOING%20AND%20REFERENCE/AAA-Writings/2016%20Books%20and%20Papers/Blogs/Joe%20papers/The%20Lady%20and%20the%20Lake%20(1).docx#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> For a circa 1959 tour of shops
along Toluca Lake's main road, Riverside Drive, which includes a Toluca
Pharmacy at 0:55, see http://youtu.be/3Rk1r6M0G8I</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com16tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-18170962116405900682016-06-03T09:34:00.000-07:002016-06-03T09:34:23.507-07:002017 Nikumaroro Draft Research Plan - I: The Colonial Village<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Please see </span><a href="http://www.niku2017.com/" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">www.niku2017.com</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
for information on the 2017 research cruise to Nikumaroro.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>In consultation with my colleagues, I’m starting to cobble
together plans for each component of the proposed research. I’ll be posting
them as they’re developed, and updating them based on comments and rethinking.
Please take a look, and give us the benefit of your thoughts.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 4.0pt 0in;">
<div class="MsoTitle">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Component 1: The
Colonial Village</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoTitle">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The site of the colonial village and government station, occupied
from 1939 until 1963, is not where we are likely to find Earhart-related
objects in their original contexts. On the other hand, it is precisely where we
</span><u style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">would</u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> expect such objects to be concentrated that were picked up by the
colonists elsewhere on the island. This is why it is not surprising that we
have found fragments of aircraft aluminum in the village and virtually nowhere
else. It’s also why I regret failing to collect the small amber medicinal vial found
in the village in 2015 by Joe Cerniglia and Kim Zimmerman, with cap and base
markings that may identify it not only as American but as coming from a
pharmacy close to Earhart’s home in California. Luckily Joe and Kim recorded it
in detail</span><a href="file:///D:/3-TIGHAR/0000-2017%20Trip/2017%20Component%20Plans/Village%20Ops.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[i]</span></span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, and we’ll try to relocate
and recover it in 2017.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The village is also
naturally where <u>non</u>-Earhart related objects are concentrated. So when we
find something interesting elsewhere on the island and wonder whether someone
other than Earhart and Noonan dropped it there, the best place to look for comparative
examples is in the village.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">One thing we are always
interested in finding, obviously, is <i>airplane
parts</i>, and the village is where we’ve found them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">We’ve also developed an increasing interest in <i>medicine and cosmetic bottles</i>, because
we have evidence of them at the Seven Site and Shoe/Bivouac Site– of apparent
U.S. origin and very likely dating to the 1930s<a href="file:///D:/3-TIGHAR/0000-2017%20Trip/2017%20Component%20Plans/Village%20Ops.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>. We know there are
medicine/cosmetic bottles at the village site, too, but we haven’t looked at
them carefully to see how they compare with the Seven Site examples. We assume
that they’re mostly from New Zealand, Australia, or the UK, and that they
mostly date from periods later than the ‘30s, but we don’t know that. So it
would be useful to increase our comparative sample of such bottles. We
collected some from the village’s “Cosmetic Site” in 2015; it would be helpful
to collect some more.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4kP5_ODlDKxL6ChIJzkoF7Bx-xMkmDQw8jSZI4HY9LTQ74FMm-XFP6-JEBbuu-PF87KYqeqq1FfpMn9W6n4lOK79b6TWhxtO0wvAZNT1m_0soRYXsieUbHRmCNc6CcZDDiBk3okFPeLY/s1600/Dispensary+location.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4kP5_ODlDKxL6ChIJzkoF7Bx-xMkmDQw8jSZI4HY9LTQ74FMm-XFP6-JEBbuu-PF87KYqeqq1FfpMn9W6n4lOK79b6TWhxtO0wvAZNT1m_0soRYXsieUbHRmCNc6CcZDDiBk3okFPeLY/s320/Dispensary+location.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Previous surveys have
shown that bottles are thick on the ground in the neighborhood of what we’re
pretty sure was the colonial dispensary, at the SW corner of the Government
Station. So we plan to take a brief but concentrated look at the dispensary and
collect a sample of bottles that appear to represent common types.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzv-c0um2f8M_W-88cCPWvAf1pzJrmM3DA3rRY-nktQxUJHWQF1-1LX4xNcMnxMIdMLLzi2iN62u5fX84nOVFTz4QSlY8IcGrWf9pc9hGD_M3LV423gc-Lt4IX2aLGg8EozQ12RL0G6IA/s1600/17+survey+plan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzv-c0um2f8M_W-88cCPWvAf1pzJrmM3DA3rRY-nktQxUJHWQF1-1LX4xNcMnxMIdMLLzi2iN62u5fX84nOVFTz4QSlY8IcGrWf9pc9hGD_M3LV423gc-Lt4IX2aLGg8EozQ12RL0G6IA/s320/17+survey+plan.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">As for airplane parts,
those we’ve found have mostly been on residential sites, where they were
probably dropped in the course of transforming them into hair combs, fish
lures, inlay for boxes, and the like. Residential sites are distributed mostly
SE of the Government Station, an area that’s densely wooded in feral coconut
and pandanus (producing a thick, obscuring mat of deadfall on the ground. So
we’re planning a simple sweep with metal detectors of a swath starting at the
dispensary and proceeding east to the lagoon beach, to see what may be
detected. Anything that appears to be aircraft-related will be located using
GPS and collected if feasible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="edn1">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///D:/3-TIGHAR/0000-2017%20Trip/2017%20Component%20Plans/Village%20Ops.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Paper by Joe Cerniglia forthcoming<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/3-TIGHAR/0000-2017%20Trip/2017%20Component%20Plans/Village%20Ops.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Medicine/cosmetic containers at locations other
than the village include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Seven
Site<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Bottle shard with the
word "Mennen" embossed on it, Matches those sold by Mennen for its
Skin Bracer product and its Baby Oil product. Dates from roughly 1930 to
1950. See page 3 of </span><a href="https://tighar.org/Publications/TTracks/2010Vol_26/1110.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://tighar.org/Publications/TTracks/2010Vol_26/1110.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Bottle for skin lotion,
possibly privately compounded by a druggist. Design patent on the bottle
is American and dates to the 1930s but the bottle could have been manufactured
later than the 1930s. (Updated paper pending). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Ointment jar that
analysis suggests contained anti-freckle lotion. The maker of the bottle,
Hazel-Atlas, stated that the majority of its ointment jars prior to 1930, and
many after that time, were "druggist specialties." The type of
glass used in the jar does not seem to have been one used in mass production or
wide commercial distribution. See </span><a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Research/ResearchPapers/freckleintime/FreckleInTime.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Research/ResearchPapers/freckleintime/FreckleInTime.html</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Green bottle that
appears to have contained either St. Joseph Liniment or Penetro Cough Syrup
(both manufactured by Plough, Inc. of Memphis, Tennessee). Plough
products were commonly sold in drug stores. See </span><a href="https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Research/ResearchPapers/freckleintime/Document_20_Artifact2-8-S-27.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Research/ResearchPapers/freckleintime/Document_20_Artifact2-8-S-27.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Aukaraime
Shoe/Bivouac Site<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Container cap that, based on the painted logo on
its surface, came from a bottle of Alka-Zane (antacid), Agarol (laxative), or
Cal-Bis-Ma (anti-nausea), all manufactured by William R. Warner & Company
of New York, starting in 1932. See p. 134, <i>Amelia Earhart's Shoes</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-43256827249615506242016-05-24T11:00:00.000-07:002016-05-24T11:00:50.420-07:00Earhart’s First Aid Kits at the Seven Site? Well, Maybe<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , serif;">I was asked recently about whether we have evidence at the Seven
Site on Nikumaroro of the first aid equipment carried by Earhart and Noonan
aboard the Electra. Here’s what I know.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , serif;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">The inventory taken after the
Luke Field mishap that ended Earhart’s first World Flight attempt indicates
that the Electra at that time carried two first aid kits:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">a.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">A “Bauer & Black No. 42”
and <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">b.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">A “Tabloid” produced by
Burroughs, Wellcome & Co. (See </span><a href="http://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Luke_Field.html"><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">http://tighar.org/Projects/Earhart/Archives/Documents/Luke_Field.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , serif;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">Bauer & Black No. 42 kits I’ve
been able to find on the internet appear to be metal boxes, ca. 30-40 cm. on a
side (See </span><a href="http://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/bauer-black-airplane-42-first-aid-kit-287930316"><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">http://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/bauer-black-airplane-42-first-aid-kit-287930316</span></a><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , serif;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">A possibly contemporary (but
not Bauer & Black) kit acquired by Arthur Carty is a flat, square thin
metal box some 33 cm. on a side (Figure 1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwsybd6Qt-_P6PeF6hdx1NMeu7qIkjsUFimf2Rdq4JGTYOb6psyIbuIAArdPYqCRQe8XurhYcdiaM5YleBVtvRy1HaxfZPJO8iiJA46jnkvx2zHR1kGLtZArxgqC_hLIRRygYm5fWaIxo/s1600/IMG_0934+1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwsybd6Qt-_P6PeF6hdx1NMeu7qIkjsUFimf2Rdq4JGTYOb6psyIbuIAArdPYqCRQe8XurhYcdiaM5YleBVtvRy1HaxfZPJO8iiJA46jnkvx2zHR1kGLtZArxgqC_hLIRRygYm5fWaIxo/s320/IMG_0934+1.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";"><br /></span></div>
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Figure 1: Metal 1st Aid Box</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , serif;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">Burroughs, Wellcome & Co.
seems to have made “tabloids” in a wide variety of sizes and styles (See </span><a href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_vault/2014/01/14/tabloid_medicine_kits_burroughs_wellcome_first_aid_kits_placed_with_famous.html"><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_vault/2014/01/14/tabloid_medicine_kits_burroughs_wellcome_first_aid_kits_placed_with_famous.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">, </span><a href="http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/objects/display?id=5683"><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/objects/display?id=5683</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "bookman old style" , serif;">).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , serif;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">One “tabloid” box acquired by
Art Carty is a rectangular, red-painted wooden box, 18x13.5x7 cm. in size,
whose hinged top opens at the center and folds out. It contains bandages,
including a tin of Band-Aids (invented in 1920; see <a href="http://www.band-aid.com/brand-heritage">http://www.band-aid.com/brand-heritage</a>),
tincture of iodine, a tourniquet, gauze, vials of iodine and Aminopylene, solidified
Carron Oil for burns and scalds, Castor Oil for the eye, Protective Skin, and
“Vaporole” (amyl nitrate, for angina) (Figures 2A&B).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidFoJ0J-U6qaspHA4SUgXOl5WB2aAWFQuOE2tMv-MXtB23sd7PRO_V2Gkmuf5r7UibQ3IDXUKin5y7Z6nAPWUgjRZQaCoVHrvexsP_tV9EZyzUJwR7iUx04veNCrSV-e1cejqW8QB9tTU/s1600/IMG_4593.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidFoJ0J-U6qaspHA4SUgXOl5WB2aAWFQuOE2tMv-MXtB23sd7PRO_V2Gkmuf5r7UibQ3IDXUKin5y7Z6nAPWUgjRZQaCoVHrvexsP_tV9EZyzUJwR7iUx04veNCrSV-e1cejqW8QB9tTU/s320/IMG_4593.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Figure 2A: "Tabloid" Kit</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSyWN-W7LbaG-BQupXNSlAqWcdxd07nvp3R4pZOsil4KjfxnfHXYafwvc7TlFjbCVZ6HGlcZP2e2Nni0tJcFViSya67kWCcidSWJd6TjchhoA9dCWbh1_g-S1fQMI3HRa8gRRf9UWHH9M/s1600/Open+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSyWN-W7LbaG-BQupXNSlAqWcdxd07nvp3R4pZOsil4KjfxnfHXYafwvc7TlFjbCVZ6HGlcZP2e2Nni0tJcFViSya67kWCcidSWJd6TjchhoA9dCWbh1_g-S1fQMI3HRa8gRRf9UWHH9M/s320/Open+1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Figure 2B: "Tabloid" Kit open. Note snap.</div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , serif;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">One inside compartment on the “tabloid”
box has a cover secured by a snap (Figure 2B).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , serif;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">Next to the “SL” burn feature
at the Seven Site, and also adjacent to Clambush 2, we documented a ca. 40x40 cm. rectangular deposit of thin ferrous metal, heavily oxidized and
fragmented (Figures 3, 4). This appears to be about the same size as Art’s metal
kit, and to represent a similar gauge metal, but it exhibits “bumps” (Figure 5) that I
interpret as pins or rivets, which Art’s kit does not display.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC9Bl2TiXI0BFDUagGESr6YJQATTPvOYZb4OYPW4vJmb8l037-OC6ueJElRtU39BsgcuS7i5dOXiVtTPZy5fWaIj8NaCBsq5nroi-rwlmLE3Fhko57cUf6F-r40tmHAIU1RdBxAQZIHZI/s1600/SL+cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC9Bl2TiXI0BFDUagGESr6YJQATTPvOYZb4OYPW4vJmb8l037-OC6ueJElRtU39BsgcuS7i5dOXiVtTPZy5fWaIj8NaCBsq5nroi-rwlmLE3Fhko57cUf6F-r40tmHAIU1RdBxAQZIHZI/s320/SL+cropped.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Figure 3: Lonnie Schorer works on Clambush 2. Rectangular</div>
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ferrous deposit is midway down right side of the clam deposit</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIT3mDPFzS4nAc0QJ7VS687-3jWN_KMUeKjk5kqTt-fdxWnUFPufmnNB9eXN7gIKDYPDnmM_a8Xufs0JSNyVpDewtKvvMgKhLBV9Hgd4yBl2XqOxqAM9aOEPxmz7txU-fXmPsRpwXYGOw/s1600/Rectangle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIT3mDPFzS4nAc0QJ7VS687-3jWN_KMUeKjk5kqTt-fdxWnUFPufmnNB9eXN7gIKDYPDnmM_a8Xufs0JSNyVpDewtKvvMgKhLBV9Hgd4yBl2XqOxqAM9aOEPxmz7txU-fXmPsRpwXYGOw/s320/Rectangle.jpg" width="311" /></a></div>
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Figure 4: Schematic of SL Fire Feature, Clambush, & </div>
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ca. 40. cm. ferrous deposit.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCcYTyajQFZoWD6pxNgL9mBOc39h5HjsIEz2E7JzAhtx81WCcXz23gFHCxO4GKAy3qkvuojv-fMcl4dFEeo7duYRBut_oOFStIahrsTw0I7uqx3SreopibIeqVQsD-EyM_Gd9sEGynBRA/s1600/SL3Corner+markup+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCcYTyajQFZoWD6pxNgL9mBOc39h5HjsIEz2E7JzAhtx81WCcXz23gFHCxO4GKAy3qkvuojv-fMcl4dFEeo7duYRBut_oOFStIahrsTw0I7uqx3SreopibIeqVQsD-EyM_Gd9sEGynBRA/s320/SL3Corner+markup+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">Figure 5: Example of ferrous fragment with "bump" suggesting</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">a pin or rivet, from unit SL-3</span></div>
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">8.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif"; text-indent: -0.25in;">The “WR” burn feature at the
Seven Site (Figure 6) contained both halves of a snap (Figure 7) similar to the one on Art’s
“tabloid” kit. It produced none of the other metal hardware found on the “tabloid,”
however.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiGbZTB7lGdQZCbq95WNhaQMg6Zx1E-ti9xgBN0xbz1V3pbV7ZeKlxBg4B1zCb6OZxHNupRZtJqCKyElpRs3uK7LSKfB6aDHFd0Bu7WkFvRVzhAzpgVoyFlx-MKia4f8Z7PstYXObKcDU/s1600/WR+Schematic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiGbZTB7lGdQZCbq95WNhaQMg6Zx1E-ti9xgBN0xbz1V3pbV7ZeKlxBg4B1zCb6OZxHNupRZtJqCKyElpRs3uK7LSKfB6aDHFd0Bu7WkFvRVzhAzpgVoyFlx-MKia4f8Z7PstYXObKcDU/s320/WR+Schematic.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Figure 6: Schematic of "WR" Fire Feature</div>
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Figure 7: Snap from WR Fire Feature, Top: Male part; bottom: female part. Millimeter scale.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , "serif";">Do the
artifacts recorded at the Seven Site represent Earhart’s First Aid Kits? Well,
they might, but they might represent innumerable other things too, brought to
the site by Earhart or Noonan, the colonists, USCG personnel from the Loran
Station, or someone else.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-34148919031713594712016-04-02T12:44:00.000-07:002016-04-02T12:44:25.860-07:00Update: 2017 Betchart Expeditions Trip to Nikumaroro<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Nikumaroro is calling! Now's your chance to visit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">We now have a website dedicated to the 2017 Nikumaroro trip with
Betchart Expeditions; it’s at </span><span style="font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.niku2017.com/" target="_blank"><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc;">www.niku2017.com</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white;">. Please
take a look.</span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">We’re on
track for the trip, but need to finalize the ship charter by this June, so need to
be reasonably sure we’ll have a critical mass of passengers. So if you want to
join us, please get your reservations and deposits in NOW. And please encourage
friends and colleagues to do so, too.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fundraising
is underway to support the research part of the trip – without which it won’t
be possible to do much more than wave at the island and contemplate what may
have happened there to Earhart and Noonan. As you’ll see on the website, one
way people can support the research is by “adopting an expert” – or a half or
quarter of an expert, a couple of experts, or the whole team. Please consider
helping, and encourage others to do this, too.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">If
Adopt-an-Expert works out, we’re considering doing something similar to support
another team visit to Fiji, to pursue the elusive bones and sextant box, see if
any leads can be developed on what happened to Gerald Gallagher’s effects, and
pursue a couple of other leads. If you’re interested in this, please let me
know.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">All this
is separate from the ongoing effort to raise funds for a deepwater search of
Niku’s reef using manned submersibles. For information on that, please visit
TIGHAR.org.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Questions,
comments, brickbats – please contact me at <a href="mailto:tomking106@gmail.com">tomking106@gmail.com</a>
or 01-240-475-0595.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Bookman Old Style', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Thanks --
Tom<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxUrGkiOWQGgDlTYtArP0Yzfg6B8TRkKJ4HnqN5tqpT4odaZxckYXzdYO9MMQXmhwSI628YjW80eEMIN-G0ClftgHlgkKn3sUKh9ppBMQ0TtvbJB8RyecJoKXWwu1Z-tsZ_wWQhHmXx0w/s1600/Club+Fred.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxUrGkiOWQGgDlTYtArP0Yzfg6B8TRkKJ4HnqN5tqpT4odaZxckYXzdYO9MMQXmhwSI628YjW80eEMIN-G0ClftgHlgkKn3sUKh9ppBMQ0TtvbJB8RyecJoKXWwu1Z-tsZ_wWQhHmXx0w/s320/Club+Fred.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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"Club Fred," on the lagoon shore of the colonial village at Ritiati</div>
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Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-91850236018488522952015-12-21T13:58:00.000-08:002015-12-21T13:58:08.569-08:002001 Report on the Seven SiteA bit of history -- I'm organizing my files to start serious work on a comprehensive report on Nikumaroro archaeology. For purposes of historical reference, I thought it might be useful to post this paper, written after the 2001 expedition to Nikumaroro. Of course, we've learned a lot about the Seven Site since this was written. And incidentally, we turned out to be wrong about the "<i>Kanawa"</i> at the Triangle Site; it's not <i>Kanawa</i> at all, but Island Walnut.<br />
<br />
TK<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">SEARCH FOR THE
NIKUMARORO CASTAWAY’S CAMP:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">PRELIMINARY
REPORT ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">AT THE
TRIANGLE SITE AND THE SEVEN SITE,<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">NIKUMARORO
ISLAND, PHOENIX ISLANDS,<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">REPUBLIC OF
KIRIBATI</span></b><o:p></o:p></div>
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Thomas F. King<o:p></o:p></div>
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September 22, 2001<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h4 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Introduction</span></h4>
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Gerald Gallagher, in his 1940-41 reports to the Western
Pacific High Commission (WPHC), describes the discovery of a human skeleton and
associated artifacts which he associated with Amelia Earhart on the “southeast
corner” and “southeastern shore” of Nikumaroro (See King et al 2001:207-21 for
details). He says that the skeleton was
lying under a <i>Ren</i> tree (<u>Tournefortia</u>)<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Desktop/3-TIGHAR/000%20NIKU%20&%20MCKEAN%20ARCHAEOLOGY/Niku%20Prelim%207%20and%20Triangle%20Report.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and that it was associated with the remains of a fire and the bones of birds
and turtle. He says that the site was
about “100 feet from high water ordinary springs.” He reports that upon discovery (prior to his
arrival on Nikumaroro), the cranium was buried; it was later exhumed at his
direction. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The cranium, mandible, and eleven other bones found by
Gallagher and his colleagues were sent to Fiji for analysis, where it was
concluded (perhaps incorrectly, according to modern reanalysis) that they were
the bones of a European or mixed-race male.
Gallagher thereupon posited that they represented the remains of an “unfortunate
castaway,” who had died within two miles of a coconut grove that could have
kept him alive.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Since several lines of evidence suggest that Gallagher may
have been right in his first assessment of the skeleton, as that of Earhart,
the site where it was found is of great interest to The International Group for
Historic Aircraft Recovery (TIGHAR).
Accordingly, two sites were investigated by TIGHAR’s 2001 Nikumaroro
IIII Expedition as possible candidates for being the “bones discovery site” or
“castaway campsite.” Field research was
completed on September 18, 2001. The
following is a very preliminary report on the two sites -–the "Triangle
Site” and the “Seven Site.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h3>
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">The Triangle
Site</span></b></h3>
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The Triangle Site is a roughly triangular patch of apparent
pristine native vegetation on the southeastern shore of the island, surrounded
by the dense masses of <i>te Mao</i> (<u>Scaevola
frutescens</u>) typical of land that has been cleared but not successfully
planted in coconut. It was investigated
because it meets the general geographic description given by Gallagher
(Southeast shore), and because its character suggested an answer to an
otherwise rather mysterious question.
Former U.S. Coast Guardsman Floyd Kilts reported in 1960 that he had
been told about a discovery of bones on Nikumaroro, which the island’s “Irish
magistrate” had associated with Earhart (c.f., King et al 2001:54-6). Since we now know that Gallagher was
instructed to keep the discovery confidential – direction that it seems likely
he would have passed on to his I Kiribati colleagues, why did a colonist tell
Kilts about it? We speculated that if
Kilts had been involved in land clearing operations (Veterans of the Coast
Guard Loran Station on the island have told us that they did engage in such
operations), he might have been warned not to disturb the site, and told about
the discovery in order to explain the warning.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Triangle Site was accessed from the lagoon shore by
cutting a trail into what proved to be a grove of (apparently) rather young <i>te Kanawa</i> (<u>Chordia subchordata</u>),
and then through dense <i>te Mao</i> to the ocean shore just west of the
site. The site itself was found to be
wooded in rather small <i>Buka</i> trees (<u>Pisonia
grandis</u>), together with <i>te Kanawa, te
Ren,</i> and <i>te Uri.</i> Elsewhere on the island <i>te Buka</i> have trunk diameters of up to a meter; at the Triangle Site
twenty to forty centimeter diameters were typical. This is comparable with the diameter of <i>te Buka</i> observed growing through World
War II-era corrugated metal at the Ameriki Loran Site.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Triangle Site was first given a general surface
inspection by John Clauss, William Carter, and the author. Subsequently Carter and James Morrissey swept
the site with metal detectors and raked the surface clear of surface litter,
permitting close visual inspection. The
only human association found, besides contemporary flotsam in the shorefront
vegetation, was a single 30 caliber rifle or carbine cartridge. Without anything of evident interest to
investigate, and in view of the pressing need to devote resources to the Seven
Site (See below), the Triangle Site was not investigated further.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;">
The Seven Site</h3>
<h2>
<o:p></o:p></h2>
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<h4>
Introduction</h4>
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<h1>
<o:p></o:p></h1>
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The Seven Site –so named because it abuts a natural clearing
in the <i>te Mao</i> that has the shape of a crude numeral “7” – also lies at
the southeast end of the island.
Strictly speaking it is on the north shore of the southeast end, not on
the southeastern shore, but there is no reason to assume that Gallagher felt
compelled to report such fine distinctions.
Airphotos show that the Seven Site vicinity was cleared in 1941, about
the time Gallagher would have been conducting the “intensive search” of the
bones site that the High Commissioner’s office told him to carry out. Paul Laxton (1951) says that in 1949 there
was a “house built for Gallagher” on land cleared from the lagoon to the ocean
shore in this vicinity. A land parcel at
approximately the location of the Seven Site was reserved for government, or
for Gallagher himself, on maps of land divisions as late as the 1950s, over a
decade after Gallagher’s death<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Desktop/3-TIGHAR/000%20NIKU%20&%20MCKEAN%20ARCHAEOLOGY/Niku%20Prelim%207%20and%20Triangle%20Report.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Seven Site first came to TIGHAR’s attention through
reports by former members of the U.S. Coast Guard Loran unit on the island
during World War II. Dr. Richard Evans
and Mr. Herb Moffitt reported seeing a tank used as part of a water collection
device, unknown to the I Kiribati colonists, in the general area (c.f., King et
al 2001:117-8). Thinking the tank might
be from Earhart’s Electra, and represent an Earhart/Noonan campsite, TIGHAR
searched for it unsuccessfully during the 1991 expedition (c.f., King et al
2001:121-2). In 1996, after finding the
image of something that might be the tank on a 1941 air photo, TIGHAR revisited
the area and this time found the tank (c.f., King et al., 2001:151-6). The tank, about a meter square, was (and is)
made of steel, and bore the name of the Tarawa Police. Nearby were bird bones, a roll of green
asphalt siding, and a hole in the ground measuring about 1.5 meter in diameter,
together with a piece of copper hardware cloth, a 30 caliber cartridge, a white
stoneware plate sherd, and other artifacts clearly of either colonial or Coast
Guard origin. Concluding that the site had nothing to do with Earhart, TIGHAR
gave it no further consideration until the bones discovery papers came to light
in 1998. Faced now with a documented discovery
of bones in an apparent campsite on the southeast corner of the island, and the
coincidence of Gallagher’s intensive search with the photo-documented clearance
of land at the Seven Site, TIGHAR had to reconsider its dismissal of the site
from investigation. Perhaps, we thought,
the tank and other colonial-era objects were the remains of the intensive
search, in support of which a “house” might even have been “built for
Gallagher” – especially since Gallagher’s quarterly report for the end of 1940
indicates severe inclement weather.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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This line of reasoning drew attention to the hole in the
Seven Site. Gallagher says that when the
bones were discovered, several months before his own relocation to the island
from Manra, the cranium was buried, apparently at the direction of Native
Magistrate Koata. Although Koata had
left the island by the time Gallagher learned of the discovery, and Gallagher
did not immediately excavate the cranium, he says in one of his initial
telegrams that “many teeth are present.”
After excavating the cranium, and the intensive search, he reports only
five teeth, all in the mandible.
Perhaps, we reasoned, the hole in the Seven Site was where the cranium
had been buried and subsequently exhumed.
Perhaps “many teeth” had been present in the cranium when it went into
the ground, but not when it came out. If
this were true, these teeth – excellent reservoirs of mitochondrial DNA – might
still be in the hole or its backdirt pile.
The Seven Site, and its hole, thus became a major focus of the
2001expedition.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h4>
Study Approach</h4>
<h1>
<o:p></o:p></h1>
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<br /></div>
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Using satellite
imagery and Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) navigation, we cut through the <i>te Mao</i> from the lagoon shore to the “7”
– a long-persisting natural clearing – and then backtracked to find the hole
and tank. These features were separated
from the “7” by about thirty meters of very dense <i>te Mao.</i> We began clearing
along a ten-meter front, beginning at the outward (southern) tip of the “7’s”
top member, proceeding southerly.
Clearing was accomplished using chainsaw, bush knives, loppers, and much
tedious hauling and piling of green and dead <i>te Mao.</i> Cut material, which
developed into quite major piles, was heaped in the “7” itself. Reaching the tank, we widened the cut to
about twenty meters to clear its vicinity and that of the hole. Later another cut was made to the west to
open up whatwe called the Morrissey Locus after its discoverer, expedition
medic Jim Morrissey.<o:p></o:p></div>
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As clearing progressed, the topography of the site, hitherto
obscured by the vegetation, became clear.
Just south of the “7,”and more or less parallel with its long limb, is a
low ridge with a maximum elevation of about 3.5 meters above sea level. The ground drops off to the south-southwest,
about a meter, to the level of the tank and hole. It then continues to drop gently to the
lagoon shore, a total distance of about 200 meters from the ocean-side high
tide line. The microclimatic difference
between the ridge and the tank/hole vicinity is marked. Temperatures at the site routinely ran in the
high 90s (f), and temperatures of 110 degrees (f) were not uncommon, even in
the shade, but the prevailing trade winds kept the ridge relatively pleasant
while the tank/hole area was always baking hot.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The ridge also benefited from the presence of several
good-sized <i>te Ren</i> and <i>te Uri.</i> About fifty meters northwest of
the "7” a stand of large, apparently old-growth <i>te Buka</i> begins, which runs for perhaps half a kilometer up the
spine of the island. Air photos suggest
that this forest may have extended across the Seven Site (though not across the
“7”) in 1938. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Because the ridge was so (relatively) pleasant, it naturally
became the place to which team members gravitated to cool off during rest
breaks. This led to the discovery of
fish, bird, and turtle bones just under the forest-floor duff, together with an
elongate cluster of giant clam (<u>Tridacna gigas</u>) valves. Since Gallagher had described the bones
discovery site as including the remains of bird, fish, and turtle, the ridge
naturally became an important focus of our attention.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Eventually, we excavated and/or carried out intensive
surface examinations in five loci – the Hole Locus, the Tank Locus, the Ridge
Locus, the Slope Locus, and the Morrissey Locus. At each locus, work was carried out under
tarpaulin sunscreens constructed by expedition medic James Morrissey, which
proved remarkably capable not only of making work bearable in the blazing sun
but of standing up through frequent gusty rain squalls. In addition to controlled work in specific
loci, all cleared areas were mapped and swept with metal detectors, and a good
deal of informal reconnaissance was done in the <i>te Mao</i> to the southeast and the <i>te
Buka</i> forest to the northwest.
Reconnaissance was also carried out for comparative purposes at the
Ameriki Loran Station Site, at Karaka Village on Ritiati, and among the house
sites on the Nutiran shore.
Reconnaissance was also carried out along the lagoon shore, and along
the route of an apparent trail that appears in a 1938 air photo between the
Seven Site and the lagoon.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Descriptions and preliminary observations are provided
below, organized largely by locus.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h4>
Hole Locus</h4>
<h1>
<o:p></o:p></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After surface mapping and photography, -- during which a
white stoneware plate sherd decorated with the U.S. Coast Guard emblem was
found and recovered -- the backdirt pile from the hole, which was quite evident
to the south and southeast of the hole itself, was excavated and passed first
through ¼” and then through <span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1/8</span>” screen. It should
be said, however, that much of the material both in the Hole Locus and
elsewhere did not pass through the screen at all, since it comprised
finger-sized to fist-sized pieces of coral rubble. The hole and its backdirt were particularly
rubbly, with a very light humic content.
Once the backdirt pile had been removed, the same system of excavation
was applied to 2 x 2.5-meter rectangle enclosing the hole itself, subdivided
into quarters. All material caught in
screens was carefully inspected by daylight, and everything that passed the ¼”
screen but was caught in the 1/8” was inspected under ultraviolet (UV) light
during two overnight sojourns at the site.
Bones and teeth fluoresce in UV light.
All work at the Hole Locus was supervised by forensic anthropologist Dr.
Karen Burns, with Mr. Gary Quigg and various associates doing the digging.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At 50 cm.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Desktop/3-TIGHAR/000%20NIKU%20&%20MCKEAN%20ARCHAEOLOGY/Niku%20Prelim%207%20and%20Triangle%20Report.doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
the depth of the hole’s surface expression, the excavation unit floor was
scraped and revealed what appeared to be evidence of two pits – one coincident
with the original hole, the other slightly to the southwest of the first. Both were filled with coral rubble and very
little humus, while their surroundings were somewhat more humic and made up of
smaller rubble fragments. The second pit
could also be seen in the south and west sidewalls of the excavation. In subsequent levels the two pits seemed to
coalesce, and at 80 cm. they disappeared altogether.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
No human bones or teeth were found, but fish and bird bones
were sporadically recovered from about 40 cm. downward, sometimes associated with
small rust flakes. Several bird and fish
bones appeared in the very deepest level excavated (90-100 cm.). At this point, we decided that however
intriguing these bones might be, they were not likely to be relevant enough to
our research to justify further work.
The excavation was clearly marked for future reference, partly
backfilled, and closed down.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h4>
The Tank Locus</h4>
<h1>
<o:p></o:p></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Tank Locus, at the southern base of the ridge slope, of
course contains the tank – a 99 x 99 cm.
steel box with “Police X Tarawa” hand-lettered on two opposing sides. Collapsed inside the tank is the heavy steel
rim for a dogged hatch, the hatch itself (labeled “Baldwin Tank Co., London”)
lying on the ground outside. Coconut
shell halves first noted in 1996 also were found in the tank. Two holes in the tank, filled with bolts,
nuts, and washers, recall a story told TIGHAR just before departure by an
ex-Coast Guardsman, about a tank shot through by one of his companions, that
had to be patched because the colonists were still using it. The holes, with their surrounding metal and
contents, were collected by Skeet Gifford for analysis.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Very similar tanks were recorded in the village at the Rest
House, at the Carpenter’s shop, and at what may have been the dispensary. In each case (except possibly at the
Carpenter’s shop, where the tank may simply have been in storage), the tanks
were used to collect rainwater from the buildings’ roofs. In the case of the possible dispensary,
Christopher Kennedy was able to demonstrate that the tank still contained
water, which still ran out of a spigot at the bottom when the latter was turned
on.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Adjacent to the tank at the Seven Site, to the west, were
two wooden posts and a rust field that clearly represented corrugated
iron. Mapping suggested that this
feature represents a collapsed iron-roofed structure, whose roof drained
rainwater into the tank.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
South of the tank was a rather extensive scatter of bird
bones, first noted in 1996. These were
mapped and collected.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1996 the base of a light bulb was found near the
tank. In 2001 two more pieces of this
bulb were found. Other artifacts in the
Tank Locus included screening scraps, pieces of wire, a plate sherd with a blue
line near its rim (much like a line on the U.S. Coast Guard plate sherd found
in the Hole Locus), and 30 caliber shells.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h4>
The Ridge Locus</h4>
<h1>
<o:p></o:p></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Three 2 x 2 meter and one 1 x 2 meter units were intensively
surface-collected and excavated on the crest and north face of the ridge. Two surface features outside the excavation
units were also investigated, together with a number of metal detector
hits. Each excavation unit was dug in 1
meter quadrants, with all “soil” passed through ¼” and then <span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">1/8</span>” screen. The “soil” was uniformly dominated by coral
rubble, but with a considerable admixture of humus. Each unit was excavated to 10 cm., and then
the most productive quadrant was taken to 20 cm. Invariably, the 10-20 cm. levels were
virtually devoid of bones or other cultural material. All bones and plates were collected by level
and quadrant, together with a sample of the very numerous scales.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Ridge Locus produced a large amount of bird, fish, and
turtle bones, together with turtle shell plates and fish scales, in several
discrete concentrations. Some of the bone was clearly burned, and small flecks
of charcoal were noted. One of the
concentrations also contained an odd folded piece of green asphalt siding,
identical with the roll of such material found in 1996 about ten meters to the
southeast along the ridge. The siding is
folded around what appears to be a felt-like fabric. A similar but more deteriorated artifact was
found about two meters from the first.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
About five meters south of the four excavated units, a
cluster of smallish <u>Tridacna gigas</u> (giant clam) valves was described and
recovered. The cluster was elongated,
with its long axis running NE-SW. It was
made up of some 35 valves and fragments, most fitting together to represent
fifteen to sixteen clams. Average length
of valve is about 20 cm. A number of the
valves were badly fragmented, as though bashed with a rock. Several fist-sized chunks of coral were noted
among the shells. Particles of the green
material that coats the asphalt siding formed a thin layer in the soil
immediately east of the <u>Tridacna</u> feature, suggesting that a sheet of the
material had deteriorated there.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
In a 1938 air photo, what appears to be a trail can be
seen extending from the Seven Site to a point on the lagoon shore somewhat
northwest of the site. The approximate
route of this trail was traced, and was found to be relatively easy
walking. At its lagoon-side end was a
bed of <u>Tridacna</u> similar in size to those in the Seven Site feature. Other small beds of <u>Tridacna</u> were
noted along adjacent stretches of lagoon shore.
The <i>Tridacna</i> were invariably
dead; cause of death was not determined.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
Immediately to the northeast of the <u>Tridacna</u>
feature was a cluster of small bivalves, species not yet determined. The feature was about a meter across and some
ten cm. deep. It is estimated to
comprise one hundred or more individual valves, presumably representing fifty
or more individuals. Only a sample of
valves was collected.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
Three to four meters northeast of the small bivalve
feature is the roll of green-coated asphalt siding, a sample of which was
collected. Vigorous searches were made
for similar material at the Loran Station Site, in the village, and among the
Nutiran housesites. Two small patches of
apparently identical siding were found on the outer side of the southeastern
corner of the wireless station in the village.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
Metal detecting and visual examination revealed a
dense field of rust just east of the<u> Tridacna </u>feature, extending for
several meters up and down the ridge slope and for an unknown distance into the
uncleared <i>te</i> M<i>ao</i> to the east. Careful
examination indicated that the rust represented multiple rectangular sheets of
iron, some if not all of it corrugated.
The sheets appeared to measure about 2 x 4 meters, but each deposit may
in fact represent multiple sheets.
Corrugated iron siding, originally galvanized but now rusted to closely
resemble the Seven Site material, was noted at the Loran Station. Similar material, usually less badly
oxidized, is also present in the village and at Nutiran. The metal sheets at the Seven Site appear to
have lain on top of the small bivalve feature and the roll of siding, though
both features have emerged as the iron has disintegrated. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
Isolated artifacts at the Ridge Locus included a
number of 30 caliber and 22 caliber bullet casings, a small piece of milled
lumber, and two pieces of asbestos siding identical to that found in the
village on the cistern, on the Rest House cookhouse, and in the ruins of
another public building. Both the
cistern and cookhouse are roofed with corrugated asbestos, which has not yet
turned up at the Seven Site.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<b>Morrissey Locus<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
The Morrissey Locus is about twenty meters west of the
Ridge Locus, along the same ridge. After
burned bird and fish bones were found here by its namesake, James Morrissey,
one 2 x 2 and one 1 x 2 meter unit were excavated using the same techniques
employed at the Ridge Locus. These
revealed a concentration of charcoal, burned fish and bird bones, and fish
scales. A small sample of charcoal was
collected for radiocarbon age determination, together with all bone and a
sample of scales.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
Metal detecting in the vicinity yielded a number of 30
caliber shells, one unexpended 30 caliber round, and a 30 caliber bullet. At the very end of the project, another fire
feature was found, downslope to the southeast, which contained two 30 caliber
cartridges and burned brown bottle glass.
Time did not permit excavation of this feature.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h4>
Slope Locus</h4>
<h1>
<o:p></o:p></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This locus comprises the ridge slope southeast of the Ridge
Locus and upslope from the tank. Metal
detector sweeps resulted in multiple hits here, whose excavation revealed not
only the usual rest flakes and 30 caliber shells, but also pieces of glass and
some enigmatic electric or electronic components. A single
2 x 2 meter unit was excavated here, and a single external feature was
mapped but not recovered. The excavation
was done in the usual way, except that only ¼” screen was employed.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The excavation unit was devoid of cultural material except
in its southeast quadrant, where many fish and bird bones were found. There is evidence of another burn feature
just upslope, which can be seen in the profile of the unit’s east and south
walls.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Upslope to the southeast, on the other side of the apparent
burn feature (which supports a vigorous growth of <i>te Mao),</i> a second <u>Tridacna</u> feature was cleared and recorded
but not removed. As in the first such
feature, some fifteen clams were represented by about thirty valves, in an
elongate cluster. Some of the clams were
somewhat larger than those in the first feature (up to about 30 cm. long), and
only one or two were broken as though bashed with a rock. Associated with this feature were a ferrous
cap for some kind of container, two odd screw-mounted clips, a strip of
small-mesh copper screen (common all over the site), and a 40 x 40 cm.
rectangle of rust, apparently either a sheet of iron or a collapsed metal box,
with what look like rivets or studs along one edge. All these associations were collected except
for the last, from which only the pieces with stud- or rivet-like bumps were
recovered.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Several other pieces of copper screening were found on the
surface of the Slope Locus, as well as elsewhere on the site. Other artifacts
recovered included 30 caliber cartridges, the cut-off end of a battery cable, a
small apparatus that may be an electronic component, and three pieces of
glass. Each of the last is of a distinct
kind of glass, and two show edge flaking that may represent use as tools. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h4>
Preliminary Interpretation</h4>
<h1>
<o:p></o:p></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At least three distinct sets of human activities are evident
at the Seven Site, which may or may not be related to one another.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The ubiquitous 30 caliber and (much less common) 22 caliber
cartridges almost certainly represent recreational shooting by Coast Guardsmen
during World War II. The plate sherds
may also reflect this activity; tossed into the air, they would make good
skeet-like targets. Some of the bird bones, notably those in the Tank Unit, may
represent a similar use of birds as targets.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The tank and its associations, probably the ferrous sheets
and asphalt and asbestos siding, and the hole are probably the results of work
done at the site by I Kiribati colonists.
The kinds of work involved remain mysterious. The tank and its
associated structure, and the hole, are consistent with our hypothetical
identification of the site as the location of Gallagher’s intensive
search. The structure by the tank may
have been the “house built for Gallagher,” though there are questions to be
resolved about this interpretation. The
extensive sheet metal features, asbestos siding fragments, and rolled asphalt
siding have no obvious relevance to a search operation. The sheet metal, at least, probably arrived
at the site sometime after 1946, when large amounts of it became available with
abandonment of the Loran Station. The
asphalt siding may have arrived earlier, since it underlay the sheet metal and
has been found elsewhere only in thevillage, not at the Loran site. The asbestos siding is identical to that
found on the cistern and cookhouse, among the village’s oldest buildings. The copper screening also seems most likely
to be of colonial origin; identical screening was found in the village and on
the Nutiran shore, while only screening of a smaller gauge was found at the
Loran site.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Of most interest, of course, are the several (at least six)
deposits of burned and unburned fish, bird, and turtle bones, together with the
two <u>Tridacna</u> features and the small bivalve feature. Clearly these represent someone’s use of
local food resources, probably for subsistence, but who the user or users may
have been remains to be determined. At
least the following possibilities exist:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Prehistoric
or historic period voyagers from other islands (e.g., Manra or Orona, which
supported populations in prehistoric times), visiting Nikumaroro to fish and
hunt.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->PISS
colonists.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Coast
Guardsmen.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->The
castaway or castaways.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There is some reason to think that the last possibility is
the most likely. The lack of evidence
either of traditional earth oven (<i>umum</i>)
cooking or of post-contact cooking pots tends to argue against traditional or
colonial-period Polynesians or Micronesians as the ones responsible for the
burn features. It is difficult to
imagine Coast Guardsmen doing much cooking of local fauna on the site, and one
would expect such an activity to have produced more World War II-vintage food
and beverage containers than we have thus far noted. On the other hand, things like the possible
flaked-glass tools suggest adaptation of available tools to serve subsistence
needs – something that is very much to be expected of a castaway. All this is speculative, however, and
requires much more analysis. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<b>Analyses Needed<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->To
sort out the history of the Seven Site, and assign its component parts to their
correct periods and functions, will require at least the following further
work:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i>Documentary and interview research.</i> We badly need to get a better understanding
of what happened at the Seven Site during the late 1940s and 1950s. Documentary data on colonial activities
during this period should be available in the files of the WPHC at Hanslope
Park and at the Kiribati National Archives in Tarawa. There should also be people living who were
residents of the Nikumaroro colonial settlement during this period, probably in
Kiribati itself, perhaps in Tuvalu, and certainly in Nikumaroro Village in the
Solomon Islands. Research visits to all
these locations, conducted by qualified people with sufficient time to do their
work, would be very worthwhile.
Consultation with veterans of the U.S. Coast Guard Loran Station about
their activities at the site should be relatively easy, particularly since a
number of these veterans are TIGHAR members or participants in the Earhart
Forum.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i>Faunal analysis.</i> The fish, bird, and turtle bones, plates, and
scales, and the bivalves, must be analyzed to find out a number of things, such
as:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->How
many individuals are represented?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->What
species are represented?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Where
and how easily could they have been procured?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->How
were they prepared and cooked?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->What
parts were used and not used?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->How many individual cooking/eating episodes are
represented?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->About how many people could have subsisted, for
how long, from each episode?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Could one or two individuals have carried the
numbers of <u>Tridacna</u> at the site, and the weight of turtle meat
represented by the bones found there, to the site from their places of
procurement?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Generally, are the species represented, and the
ways in which they were prepared, more consistent with traditional Micronesian
and Polynesian subsistence practices or with those of Europeans camping out?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i>Radiocarbon
age determination.</i> Both the charcoal
from the Morrissey Locus and the bones found in the Ridge, Slope, and Hole Loci
should be subjected to radiocarbon age determination. If they all are found to be essentially
modern, then we can dismiss the possibility that prehistoric Micronesian or
Polynesian voyagers were responsible for the site. Dates greater than 100 years or so would of
course support the likelihood of a prehistoric voyager origin. If the bones from the Hole Locus are modern,
it will suggest that we did not in fact reach the bottom of the hole, and that
it should be re-opened and continued.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i>Flaking
and edge-wear analysis.</i> The glass
artifacts should be carefully examined by specialists in flaking and edge-wear
on prehistoric glass (e.g., obsidian) tools, to ascertain whether they were in
fact most probably used as tools. If
they were, experts may also be able to infer their functions.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i>Asphalt
siding.</i> Careful analysis of the
asphalt siding from the roll, from the village wireless station, and
particularly from the two artifacts found in the Ridge Locus is in order, but
the exact kinds of analysis needed remain to be determined.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i>Electronic(?)
components, etc.</i> We need to
determine the identities of the various bits and pieces of electronic and other
gear found on the site.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i>Comparative
studies.</i> We need to examine
archaeological studies of castaway camps and/or the occupation sites of other
individuals and very small groups, to see if there are recurrent patterns that
might be relevant to the Seven Site.
Historical and sociological studies of castaway behavior may also be
relevant.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<b>Future
Fieldwork<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
The need for further fieldwork will depend on the
results of analysis, but the two currently known but unexcavated burn features
in the Morrissey and Slope Loci are intriguing because each – unlike the Ridge
Loci features – apparently contains modern manufactured material as well as
animal bones. Further study of the metal
sheet features may also be useful, both to determine their function and to see
if they overlie additional features.
Further excavation of the hole may be in order. Another hole (known as “Skeet’s Hole” for its
discoverer) was noted but not excavated, about 100 feet from the high tide mark
on the lagoon side of the site; it too might merit further study. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
In point of fact, we do not actually know the full
extent of the Seven Site, or the full number and range of features it may
contain; what we were able to study in 2001 was a swath across the site, whose
size relative to the whole site remains unknown. The Seven Site could contain many surprises.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">References Cited<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
King, Thomas F., Randall Jacobson, Karen R. Burns, and
Kenton Spading<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
2001 <i>Amelia
Earhart’s Shoes.</i> Altamira Press,
Walnut Creek<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
Laxton, Paul<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
1951 Nikumaroro. <i>Journal
of the Polynesian Society</i> 60(2/3):134-160<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Desktop/3-TIGHAR/000%20NIKU%20&%20MCKEAN%20ARCHAEOLOGY/Niku%20Prelim%207%20and%20Triangle%20Report.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> In this
report, I Kiribati plant names are employed, followed by Latin names where
available. I Kiribati plant names are
routinely preceded by the word <i>“te,”</i> as in <i>“te Buka”</i> and <i>“te
Mao.”</i><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Desktop/3-TIGHAR/000%20NIKU%20&%20MCKEAN%20ARCHAEOLOGY/Niku%20Prelim%207%20and%20Triangle%20Report.doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Source: Kiribati National Archives: 2001
research by Richard Gillespie and Van Hunn<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Thomas/Desktop/3-TIGHAR/000%20NIKU%20&%20MCKEAN%20ARCHAEOLOGY/Niku%20Prelim%207%20and%20Triangle%20Report.doc#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> 30 cm.
from the surface at the SE corner, due to the slope of the ground.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-65186003088151473732015-11-16T16:46:00.003-08:002015-11-16T16:46:57.470-08:00A Voyage to Nikumaroro in 2017<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3hcSiob4ejJt-4msLWEDW6DV3KpjOOh86aFcjcRYWHeAeb12P-cffP9crf2YbL5-c-JXjRt2980aq96DNX9Sf3OMWGVz6-x2mrUXQ4hVLdaPegzygB-Zjz_7q4s5uCii0hMhT60-_zMs/s1600/IMG_2010.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3hcSiob4ejJt-4msLWEDW6DV3KpjOOh86aFcjcRYWHeAeb12P-cffP9crf2YbL5-c-JXjRt2980aq96DNX9Sf3OMWGVz6-x2mrUXQ4hVLdaPegzygB-Zjz_7q4s5uCii0hMhT60-_zMs/s320/IMG_2010.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nikumaroro: one of the most remote islands on earth. 2015 image by Janis Carty</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Plans are firming up for
another Betchart Expeditions trip to Nikumaroro. It’s scheduled for June 21</span><sup style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">st</sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">-July
11</span><sup style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">th</sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, 2017, aboard the MV </span><i style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Reef
Endeavor</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> sailing out of Fiji</span><i style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> It
will include a TIGHAR “self-funded expedition” – meaning that it’s up to my
colleagues and me to finance participation by experienced TIGHARs and selected
experts who can’t pay their own fares.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Here’s the plan in a
nutshell. Last year’s Niku VIII expedition (See <a href="https://tighar.org/">https://TIGHAR.org</a>),
while it met all but its deep-water objectives, didn’t bring back the “smoking
gun” evidence of Earhart’s plane on the reef that it was mostly designed to
seek. However, the coordinated and cooperative Betchart Expeditions visit (4
days on island) uncovered some provocative possibilities and was thoroughly
enjoyed by its participants. So we’re planning the 2017 visit with about twice
as much time (8 days) on-island as we had this year. Right now the research
agenda is as follows – always, of course, subject to revision as things
develop.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Deepwater
search:</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Despite the
disappointing results of the 2010, 2012, and 2015 deepwater probes, which
resulted substantially from equipment glitches, we want to take another stab at
robotic scans of the deep reef, both adjacent to the hypothesized landing site
off Nutiran and elsewhere, including off the Seven Site (where many have urged
us for years to search). Walt Holm and his colleagues at Open ROV (</span><a href="http://www.openrov.com/"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.openrov.com/</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">) have ROVs that we think will do the job, and
as a bonus be controllable from the expedition ship, where everyone aboard can
see what the ROVs see, in real time on screen. Personally, I continue to be
dubious about whether the plane (which I <u>do</u> think is probably down
there) can be found, at least via imaging in the visible spectrum, but given
the snafus of the last three expeditions, we haven’t given the matter a fair
test. I think that Walt, John Clauss, and Open ROV can give it that test.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Diver-depth
search:</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> There’s been a lot of
SCUBA searching on the reef, but there’s also a lot of reef to cover, and
things change all the time. Plus, it’s a helluva nice reef to explore. We’re
planning a substantial program of SCUBA and snorkel diving, and use of a large
glass-bottomed boat to get a serious overview of what may be down there.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
“cairn” on the northwest cape:</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> In 2015, Bob Draper of Cotati, California – on the last day of
the visit, naturally – found an odd concentration of rocks on the northwest
cape, just outside the area that Gary Quigg and his team had searched
intensively a few days before as part of Niku VIII. It’s probably just a
concentration of rocks, but it’s about the right size and shape to mark an
impromptu grave, and it’s close enough to where Art Carty has convincingly
argued that Earhart and Noonan should have camped (“Camp Zero”) and where Noonan
may have died, that it’s worth a close check. Assuming permission by the
Kiribati government and with strict archaeological controls, we figure to
section the cluster and excavate under about half of it to see if it covers a
grave.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
“Big Ren” vicinity:</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> As most faithful
readers of this blog know, in 1940 human bones were found by the Nikumaroro colonists
under a “ren” (<i>Tournefortia </i>sp.) tree
on the southeast end of the island. We think the discovery site was what we now
call the Seven Site, where we’ve found substantial evidence of someone foreign
and probably female having camped. There are several ren trees on the site, one
of which – we call it the Big Ren – appears to have been there in 1940 (to
judge from aerial photos). This year, Dawn Johnson took samples from its
vicinity and – back in California – exposed them to the trained noses of
forensic dogs from the Institute for Canine Forensics (</span><a href="http://www.hhrdd.org/index.htm"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.hhrdd.org/index.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">). The dogs alerted on two of the samples, whose
location coincide with the place where in 2010 we found a “finger” bone<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4456942074372321303#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> that turned out to have
too little DNA to sequence. So we plan to clear the Scaevola off this location
and simply sit a lot of people down to scan the coral rubble that makes up the
site, exposing any suspect object to ultraviolet light (in which bones and
teeth fluoresce) and collecting (with strict controls) any likely bones or
teeth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
village:</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> The colonial village at
Ritiati has consistently produced fragments of aircraft aluminum, probably
collected by the residents for use in handicrafts. We plan to select one or
more home sites in the village, clear the coconuts and fronds off it, and give
it a good hard look. We’ll also be trying to sort out what some strange
dry-laid coral structures are; we’ve referred to them (based on unsubstantiated
guesswork) as “pigpens,” but Kiribati experts Aana Bureteiti, Nina Jacob, Frank
Thomas, and Jaimie Bach, all on this year’s visit, are sure they’re not – but
couldn’t say what they <u>are</u>.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzmDTVVmPdt4nK5YBuayCY2RqTL9KAZ7iX5xVNpYWVTfd6qcRKCh2ryy3vErg5vGGKqZ1-iQj0FQJ-j5HanXn2XVuWWBOrN2WU73By2PjOX8bctTwfpptnUD1lf9vvuAAsLMAWDOyiQe4/s1600/Club+Fred.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzmDTVVmPdt4nK5YBuayCY2RqTL9KAZ7iX5xVNpYWVTfd6qcRKCh2ryy3vErg5vGGKqZ1-iQj0FQJ-j5HanXn2XVuWWBOrN2WU73By2PjOX8bctTwfpptnUD1lf9vvuAAsLMAWDOyiQe4/s320/Club+Fred.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">On the beach at "Club Fred." 2015 image by Janis Carty</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <i>The
“Shoe” or “Bivouac” Site:</i></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">
The site where the late Eric Bevington reported seeing signs of someone’s
“overnight bivouac” in late 1937, and where TIGHAR found the remains of a man’s
and a woman’s shoes in 1991, was more thoroughly investigated in 1997 with few
results, but Kenton Spading insisted that we hadn’t really given it a fair
look, and his criticisms have haunted me ever since. So we’d like to give it a
detailed inspection.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Other
places:</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> We’ve learned to
respect serendipity on Nikumaroro; things usually pop up where you don’t expect
them, when you’re not looking for them. So we want to provide as many
opportunities as possible (within limits of safety and respect for the island
environment) for people simply to explore the island on foot and by kayak. You
never know…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">I’m responsible for
organizing the necessary fundraising, and for overseeing the operation. Betchart
Expeditions will make and oversee travel/ship charter arrangements. Our team
will train and work with the rest of Betchart’s passengers in carrying out our
research. We'll put on a "field school" for passengers aboard ship en
route to the island, emphasizing ethical treatment of the island and its
resources; those who want to take part in our work on the island will have to
take the field school.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The overall cost to each
passenger for the whole trip, including discounted round-trip airfare between Fiji and Los Angeles, is about $11,000<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4456942074372321303#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>; I should add that
Betchart has moved heaven and earth to get us a good deal, and travel to such a
remote part of the world IS expensive. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">If you are able and
willing to pay the above amount, welcome aboard! Please contact Betchart
Expeditions to make arrangements.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">But a lot of us <u>can’t</u>
afford that kind of investment, so I’m trying to raise about $200,000<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4456942074372321303#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, to cover the costs of
conveying fifteen (15) experienced TIGHARs and selected specialists to and from
the island. Tax-deductible contributions can be made to TIGHAR, which will hold
the funds separate from its other accounts. I’m soliciting any and all ideas
about fundraising, and am available to deliver an illustrated talk on the
Earhart mystery, the Niku Hypothesis, and the 2017 plans, to any group that
would like to give me the opportunity and let me solicit some support.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Do you have ideas about
fundraising or project planning? Questions? Objections? Please let me know, at </span><a href="mailto:tomking106@gmail.com"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tomking106@gmail.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">. For information on the cruise, and to make
reservations, visit <a href="http://betchartexpeditions.com/">http://betchartexpeditions.com/</a>.
And of course for information on the overall research program, visit <a href="https://tighar.org/">https://tighar.org/</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitgmUwAEfCHDBiRORXQxlXK-tDntBus6QDLNaTdi_G3knOjz8o-jkYj45_cc3j8lg_h-6CwzU08-dRHjpRRXgno0SzgB5y4-8hH2DogKbhp583eyQ71ug4EKLcbR-uUGOC8MOUe-j_47U/s1600/IMG_4674.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitgmUwAEfCHDBiRORXQxlXK-tDntBus6QDLNaTdi_G3knOjz8o-jkYj45_cc3j8lg_h-6CwzU08-dRHjpRRXgno0SzgB5y4-8hH2DogKbhp583eyQ71ug4EKLcbR-uUGOC8MOUe-j_47U/s320/IMG_4674.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dolphins off the Seven Site. 2015 image by Janis Carty</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4456942074372321303#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Phalange, either human or sea turtle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4456942074372321303#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="background: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">$8995.00 for twin share on the "C" deck
and $1595 r/t air fare; upgrades to single cabins and upper decks available.</span> </span></div>
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<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4456942074372321303#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
15x11,000 = 165,000 + $35,000 overhead/contingency</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4456942074372321303.post-82504839823775011002015-11-10T04:29:00.004-08:002015-11-10T04:29:43.338-08:00READING ABOUT THE NIKUMARORO HYPOTHESISIt's just dawned on me that there seems to be no single place where a would-be reader can find the titles of all the major published literature relating to the Nikumaroro Hypothesis, so I'd better provide one. Here are the major sources with links to help you find them:<br />
<br />
<b>Amelia Earhart's Shoes. </b>Thomas F. King, Randall Jacobson, Karen Burns, Kenton Spading. Rowman & Littlefield 2001, <i><b>updated and improved edition 2004,</b></i> <span style="color: blue;">https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780759101319/Amelia-Earhart's-Shoes-Is-the-Mystery-Solved?</span><br />
<br />
<b>Finding Amelia.</b> Ric Gillespie. Naval Institute Press 2009, <span style="color: blue;">http://www.amazon.com/Finding-Amelia-Story-Earhart-Disappearance/dp/1591143187</span><br />
<br />
Amelia Earhart on Nikumaroro: a Summary of the Evidence. Thomas F. King in <b>Pacific Studies</b> 35:3, 2012: h<span style="color: blue;">ttps://ojs.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/PacificStudies/article/view/32843</span><br />
<br />
And of course, the TIGHAR website for a plethora of original documents, research reports, and updates on the ongoing research. <span style="color: blue;">TIGHAR.org.</span><br />
<br />
<br />Thomas F Kinghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00037819472341496713noreply@blogger.com0